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==Political Parties== | |||
==== | ===Parliamentary=== | ||
====Government==== | |||
*[[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] [[Reformism#Left-Reformism|Pakatan Harapan (Alliance of Hope)]] | |||
**[[File:DAP(Malaysia).png]] [[Social Democracy|民主行动党 (Democratic Action Party)]] | |||
**[[File:PKR.png]] [[Progressivism|Parti Keadilan Rakyat (People's Justice Party)]] | |||
**[[File:Amanah.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Parti Amanah Negara (National Trust Party)]] | |||
**[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Pertubuhan Kinabalu Progresif Bersatu (United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation)]] | |||
**[[File:Muda.png]] [[Multiculturalism|Ikatan Demokratik Malaysia (Malaysian United Democratic Alliance)]]<ref>The Party was led by Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman, who is considered to be a potential successor of [[File:Mahathir.png]] Mahathir Mohamad but chooses to split from PPBM after the Sheraton Move. Upon admission of Datin Dian Lee, daughter of tycoon Tan Sri Lee Kim Yew (one of [[File:Mahathir.png]] Mahathir's close friends) into the party, journalists link the party with the said tycoon and [[File:Mahathir.png]] Mahathir, however, the party members officially deny these connections.</ref> | |||
*[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] [[National Conservatism|Barisan Nasional (National Front)]] | *[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] [[National Conservatism|Barisan Nasional (National Front)]] | ||
**[[File:UMNO.png]] [[ | **[[File:UMNO.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu (United Malays National Organisation)]]<ref>Known as the "Grand Old Party" of Malaysia, as most Malaysian political parties (PAS, PKR, PPBM) had origins from UMNO. However due to internal conflicts within the party, the original UMNO has been banned in 1988 by court order. The current UMNO was then registered as UMNO 'baru' at the same year.</ref> | ||
**[[File:MCA.png]] [[Conservatism|马来西亚华人公会 (Malaysian Chinese Association)]] | **[[File:MCA.png]] [[Conservatism|马来西亚华人公会 (Malaysian Chinese Association)]] | ||
***[[File:3princ.png]] [[Tridemism|马来西亚华人公会 (Malaysian Chinese Association)]] (Historical) | ***[[File:3princ.png]] [[Tridemism|马来西亚华人公会 (Malaysian Chinese Association)]] (Historical) | ||
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***[[File:Ghandi.png]] [[Gandhian Socialism|மலேசிய இந்திய காங்கிரஸ் (Malaysian Indian Congress)]] (Historical) | ***[[File:Ghandi.png]] [[Gandhian Socialism|மலேசிய இந்திய காங்கிரஸ் (Malaysian Indian Congress)]] (Historical) | ||
**[[File:Natcon.png]] [[National Conservatism|Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (United Sabah People's Party)]] | **[[File:Natcon.png]] [[National Conservatism|Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (United Sabah People's Party)]] | ||
*[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Parti Warisan Sabah (Sabah Heritage Party)]] | |||
*[[File:GabunganPartiSarawak.png]] [[Federalism|Gabungan Parti Sarawak (Sarawak Parties Alliance)]] | *[[File:GabunganPartiSarawak.png]] [[Federalism|Gabungan Parti Sarawak (Sarawak Parties Alliance)]] | ||
**[[File:Ethnonat.png]] [[ | **[[File:Ethnonat.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (United Bumiputera Heritage Party)]] | ||
**[[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|Parti Rakyat Sarawak (Sarawak Peoples' Party)]] | **[[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|Parti Rakyat Sarawak (Sarawak Peoples' Party)]] | ||
**[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Parti Demokratik Progresif (Progressive Democratic Party)]] | **[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Parti Demokratik Progresif (Progressive Democratic Party)]] | ||
**[[File:Multicult.png]] [[Multiculturalism|砂拉越人民联合党 (Sarawak United Peoples' Party)]] | **[[File:Multicult.png]] [[Multiculturalism|砂拉越人民联合党 (Sarawak United Peoples' Party)]] | ||
*[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (Sabah People's Coalition)]] | |||
**[[File:PPBM.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|PPBM Sabah (Malaysian United Indigenous Party Sabah)]] | |||
**[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Parti Solidariti Tanah Airku Rakyat Sabah (Homeland Solidarity Party)]] | |||
**[[File:Native.png]] [[Indigenism|Parti Bersatu Sabah (United Sabah Party)]] | |||
*[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Parti Kesejahteraan Demokratik Masyarakat (Social Democratic Harmony Party)]] | |||
*[[File:Radcent.png]] [[Radical Centrism|Parti Bangsa Malaysia (Malaysian Nation Party)]] | |||
*[[File: | ====Opposition==== | ||
*[[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism|Perikatan Nasional (National Alliance)]] | |||
**[[File: | **[[File:PPBM.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia (Malaysian United Indigenous Party)]] | ||
**[[File:PAS.png]] [[Religious Nationalism|Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (Malaysian Islamic Party)]] [[File:PAS-alt.png]] | |||
=== | ===Extraparliamentary=== | ||
*[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] [[National Conservatism|Friends of Barisan Nasional]] | |||
**[[File:Natcon.png]] [[National Conservatism|Parti Cinta Malaysia (Love Malaysia Party)]] | |||
**[[File:Muslim 2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|மலேசிய இந்திய முஸ்லிம் காங்கிரஸ் (Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress)]] | |||
**[[File:AMIPF.png]] [[Religious Socialism|அகில மலேசிய இந்தியர் முன்னேற்ற முன்னனி (All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front)]] | |||
**[[File:Relsoc.png]] [[Religious Socialism|மலேசியா மக்கள் சக்தி கட்சி (Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party)]] | |||
**[[File:Relsoc.png]] [[Religious Socialism|மலேசிய இந்திய ஐக்கிய கட்சி (Malaysian Indian United Party)]] | |||
**[[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|Parti Kuasa Rakyat (People's Power Party)]]* | |||
***[[File:Synclib.png]] [[Big Tent Liberalism|Parti Tindakan Hak Minoriti (Minority Rights Action Party)]] (Will be merged to KUASA) | |||
**[[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪਾਰਟੀ ਮਲੇਸ਼ੀਆ (Malaysian Punjabi Party)]] | |||
**[[File:Humanismpix.png]] [[Humanism|மலேசிய முன்னேற்றக் கட்சி (Malaysian Advancement Party)]] | |||
**[[File:Islamic Democracy.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Parti Ikatan Bangsa Malaysia (Malaysia National Alliance Party)]] | |||
*[[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|GASAK]] | *[[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|GASAK]] | ||
**[[File:Native.png]] [[Indigenism|Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak Baru (New Sarawak Native People's Party)]] | **[[File:Native.png]] [[Indigenism|Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak Baru (New Sarawak Native People's Party)]] | ||
**[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak (State Reform Party)]] | **[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak (State Reform Party)]] | ||
*[[File:Natcon.png]] [[National Conservatism|මැලේසියානු ලංකා කොන්ග්රසය (Malaysian Ceylonese Congress)]] | *[[File:Natcon.png]] [[National Conservatism|මැලේසියානු ලංකා කොන්ග්රසය (Malaysian Ceylonese Congress)]] | ||
*[[File:PUTRA.png]] [[Ultranationalism|ڤرتي بوميڤوترا ڤركاس مليسيا (Malaysia Mighty Bumiputera Party)]] [[File:PUTRA-alt.png]] | *[[File:PUTRA.png]] [[Ultranationalism|ڤرتي بوميڤوترا ڤركاس مليسيا (Malaysia Mighty Bumiputera Party)]] [[File:PUTRA-alt.png]] | ||
*[[File:Sep.png]] [[Separatism|Parti Bumi Kenyalang (Land of the Hornbills Party)]] | *[[File:Sep.png]] [[Separatism|Parti Bumi Kenyalang (Land of the Hornbills Party)]] | ||
*[[File:Envi.png]] [[Environmentalism|Parti Hijau Malaysia (Green Party of Malaysia)]] | *[[File:Envi.png]] [[Environmentalism|Parti Hijau Malaysia (Green Party of Malaysia)]] | ||
*[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Parti Cinta Sabah (Love Sabah Party)]] | *[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Parti Cinta Sabah (Love Sabah Party)]] | ||
*[[File:Natcon.png]] [[National Conservatism|Parti Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu (Baru) (United Sabah National Organisation (New))]] | *[[File:Natcon.png]] [[National Conservatism|Parti Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu (Baru) (United Sabah National Organisation (New))]] | ||
*[[File:Scientocracy Small.png]] [[Scientocracy|Parti Aspirasi Sains Malaysia (Malaysian Science Aspiration Party)]]* | |||
===Previously Represented in Dewan Rakyat=== | |||
''De jure'' they still exist, but ''de facto'' they're irrelevant and everyone has already forgot (or at least a few of them remembered) about them. | |||
* [[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|Parti Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Party)]] | |||
* [[File:PSM Malaysia.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|Parti Sosialis Malaysia (Socialist Party of Malaysia)]] | |||
* [[File:Islamic Democracy.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front)]] (Currently an allied party of [[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism|PN+]]) | |||
* [[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Parti Progresif Sabah (Sabah Progressive Party)]] (Currently a member party of [[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism|Perikatan Nasional]]) | |||
* [[File:Nalib.png]] [[National Liberalism|Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Movement Party)]] (Currently a member party of [[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism|Perikatan Nasional]]) | |||
* [[File:Libconserv3.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|Parti Liberal Demokratik (Liberal Democratic Party)]] (Currently an allied party of [[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism|PN+]]) | |||
* [[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Parti Sarawak Bersatu (United Sarawak Party)]] | |||
* [[File:Mahathir.png]] [[National Conservatism|Parti Pejuang Tanah Air (Homeland Fighters' Party)]] | |||
===Historical=== | |||
*[[File:Mao3word.png]] [[Maoism–Third Worldism|馬來亞共產黨 (Malayan Communist Party)]] (1930 - 1989) | *[[File:Mao3word.png]] [[Maoism–Third Worldism|馬來亞共產黨 (Malayan Communist Party)]] (1930 - 1989) | ||
**[[File:ML.png]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist-Leninist]] (1974-1983) | |||
**[[File:Mao3word.png]] [[Maoism–Third Worldism|Malayan Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction]] (1972 - 1983) | |||
*[[File:Cball-Indonesia.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|Kesatuan Melayu Muda (Young Malays Union)]] (1938 - 1945) | *[[File:Cball-Indonesia.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|Kesatuan Melayu Muda (Young Malays Union)]] (1938 - 1945) | ||
*[[File:Panc.png]] [[Pancasila|Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (Malay Nationalist Party)]] (1945 - 1948) | *[[File:Panc.png]] [[Pancasila|Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (Malay Nationalist Party)]] (1945 - 1948) | ||
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*[[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|Parti Buruh Malaya (Labour Party of Malaya)]] (1952-1978) | *[[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|Parti Buruh Malaya (Labour Party of Malaya)]] (1952-1978) | ||
*[[File:Libconserv3.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|Malaysian People's Progressive Party]] (1953-2019) | *[[File:Libconserv3.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|Malaysian People's Progressive Party]] (1953-2019) | ||
*[[File:PartiPerikatan.png]] [[National Conservatism|Parti Perikatan]] [[Classical Liberalism|(Alliance Party)]] (1955-1972) | |||
*[[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (Spirit of 46 Malay Party)]] (1989-1996) | |||
*[[File:Liberalsoc.png]] [[Liberal Socialism|Parti Pekerja Sarawak (Sarawak Workers Party)]] (Former) | |||
==[[File:Cball-FMS.png]] Malayan Union (1946-1948)== | |||
''During the Malayan Union years, most left-wing socialist parties (including civic nationalist factions) were in favour of the establishment of the Malayan Union, while right-wing ethnic nationalists and monarchists were against the formation of Malayan Union, due to the methods Sir Harold MacMichael used to acquire the Sultans' approval and the implementation of jus soli citizenship.'' | |||
===In Favour:=== | |||
*[[File:Panc.png]] [[Pancasila|Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya]] | |||
*[[File:Marxfem.png]] [[Marxist Feminism|Angkatan Wanita Sedar]] | |||
*[[File:Lpop.png]] [[Left-Wing Populism|Angkatan Pemuda Insaf]] | |||
*[[File:Agsoc.png]] [[Agrarian Socialism|Barisan Tani Malaya]] | |||
*[[File:Mao3word.png]] [[Maoism–Third Worldism|Malayan Communist Party]] | |||
*[[File:Civnat.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Malayan Democratic Union]] | |||
===Against:=== | |||
*[[File:UMNO.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|United Malays Organisation]] | |||
**[[File:Ethnonat.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Persatuan Melayu Terengganu]] | |||
**[[File:Ethnonat.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Persatuan Kebangsaan Melayu Selangor]] | |||
**[[File:Ethnonat.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Perikatan Melayu Perak]] | |||
***[[File:PostColFem.png]] [[Postcolonial Feminism|Bahagian Wanita Perikatan Melayu Perak]] | |||
**[[File:Mat.png]] [[Maternalism|Persatuan Kaum Ibu Selangor]] | |||
==Federation of Malaya (1948-1963)== | |||
* [[File:Anti-Colonial.png]] Majlis Bertindak Bersama Se-Malaya (All-Malayan Council of Joint Action) | |||
** [[File:Civnat.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Malayan Democratic Union]] | |||
** [[File:Panc.png]] [[Pancasila|Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya]] (Banned 1948) | |||
** [[File:Mao3word.png]] [[Maoism–Third Worldism|Malayan Communist Party]] (Banned 1948) | |||
*[[File:Sep.png]] [[Separatism|Independence for Malaya Party]] (1952-1954) | |||
*[[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|Parti Negara (National Party)]] (1954-1962) | *[[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|Parti Negara (National Party)]] (1954-1962) | ||
==Think Tanks== | |||
*[[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs]] [[File:Libertarian.png]] | *[[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs]] [[File:Libertarian.png]] | ||
*[[File:PKR.png]] [[Social Liberalism|Invoke Malaysia]] | *[[File:PKR.png]] [[Social Liberalism|Invoke Malaysia]] | ||
*[[File:Mahathir.png]] [[Neoliberalism|Yayasan Kepimpinan Perdana (Perdana Leadership Foundation)]] | |||
*[[File:Mahathir.png]] [[ | |||
*[[File:Islamic_Democracy.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Malaysia Alliance of Civil Society Organisations in the UPR Process]] | *[[File:Islamic_Democracy.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Malaysia Alliance of Civil Society Organisations in the UPR Process]] | ||
**[[File:Mat.png]] [[Maternalism|International Women’s Alliance for Family Institution and Quality Education (WAFIQ)]] | **[[File:Mat.png]] [[Maternalism|International Women’s Alliance for Family Institution and Quality Education (WAFIQ)]] | ||
**[[File:Humanismpix.png]] Centre for Human Rights Research and Advocacy | **[[File:Humanismpix.png]] Centre for Human Rights Research and Advocacy | ||
*[[File: | *[[File:Nalib.png]] [[National Liberalism|Socio-Economic Development And Research Institute]] | ||
*[[File: | *[[File:Soclib.png]] [[Social Liberalism|Institut Darul Ehsan]] | ||
*[[File: | |||
*[[File: | ==Youth Wings== | ||
*[[File: | |||
* [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] [[National Conservatism|Pergerakan Pemuda BN (BN Youth Movement)]] | |||
** [[File:UMNO.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Pergerakan Belia UMNO Malaysia (Malaysia UMNO Youth Movement)]] | |||
** [[File:UMNO.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Pergerakan Puteri UMNO Malaysia]] | |||
** [[File:MCA.png]] [[Conservatism|马华青年组 (MCA Youth)]] | |||
** [[File:MIC (Malaysia).png]] [[Pan-Nationalism|(Youth MIC)]] | |||
* [[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] [[Reformism#Left-Reformism|Pakatan Harapan (Alliance of Hope)]] | |||
** [[File:PKR.png]] [[Progressivism|Angkatan Muda Keadilan]] | |||
** [[File:DAP(Malaysia).png]] [[Social Democracy|DAP Socialist Youth]] | |||
** <s>[[File:Muda.png]] [[Multiculturalism|Ikatan Demokratik Malaysia (Malaysian United Democratic Alliance)]]</s> | |||
* [[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Perikatan Nasional]] | |||
**[[File:PAS.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Dewan Pemuda PAS]] | |||
**[[File:PPBM.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Pemuda ARMADA]] | |||
* [[File:PSM Malaysia.png]] [[Progressivism|Pemuda Sosialis Malaysia]] | |||
==Social and Political Movements== | |||
===Ongoing=== | |||
*[[File:MilkTeaAlliance.png]] [[Anti-Authoritarianism|Teh Tarik Alliance]] (2020-present) | |||
*[[File:Thar.png]] 2021-2022 Malaysian Protests [[File:Activm.png]] (2021-present) | |||
**[[File:Libdem2.png]] [[Democracy|#Undi18 protests]] (2021) | |||
**[[File:Thar.png]] [[Anti-Authoritarianism|Buka Puasa Buka Parlimen Protests]] (2021) | |||
**[[File:Thar.png]] [[Anti-Authoritarianism|#BenderaHitam movement and #Lawan Protests]] (2021) | |||
**[[File:Anti-Corrupt.png]] [[Anti-Authoritarianism|Tangkap Azam Baki Protests]] (2022) | |||
**[[File:Lpop.png]] [[Left-Wing Populism|#Turun Protests]] (2022) | |||
**[[File:Anti-Corrupt.png]] [[Anti-Authoritarianism|Littoral Combat Ship Protests]] (2022) | |||
===Historical=== | |||
*[[File:Antiimp.png]] Naning Conflict (1831-1832) | |||
*[[File:Antiimp.png]] Mat Salleh Rebellion (1894-1905) | |||
*[[File:Antiimp.png]] Kelantan Rebellion (1915) | |||
*[[File:Antiimp.png]] Terengganu Insurgency (1922-1928) | |||
*[[File:Antiimp.png]][[File:Ethnonat.png]] Anti-Malayan Union protests (1946-1947) | |||
*[[File:Anti-Colonial.png]] [[Nationalism|Anti-cession movement of Sarawak]] (1946-1950) | |||
**[[File:Anti-Colonial.png]] Rukun Tiga Belas (1947-1950) | |||
* [[File:Anti-Colonial.png]] Anti-Indonesia infiltration demonstrations | |||
* [[File:Activm.png]] Student Movements in Malaysia (1967-1974)<ref>Student movements in Malaysia are mostly consisting of left-wing nationalists and populists, which traced its roots in the 1930s and reached its prominence since 1967. After the controversial amendment on the Universities and College Universities act in 1975 which curbs students' freedom and rights and also draconian in nature, student movements in Malaysia were declining until its re-emergence in the late 1990s due to the Reformasi movement.</ref> | |||
** [[File:Leftnat.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|University of Malaya Student Association Anti-Tunku demonstrations]] (1969) | |||
** [[File:Lpop.png]] [[Left-Wing Populism|Tasik Utara Incident]] (1974) | |||
* [[File:Lpop.png]] [[Left-Wing Populism|Baling Protests]] (1974)<ref>Prior to the Baling protests, the Communists under the disguise of "Young Socialists" had infiltrated the University of Malaya Chinese Language Society (UMCLS) in 1971 and communist links to the UMCLS was confirmed on Oct 14 1973 when security forces shot dead a communist terrorist near Tanah Hitam, Chemor in Perak and found a work report by a senior student underground movement leader to his superiors on the activities conducted by the UMCLS. UMCLS manipulation of the University of Malaya Students Union (UMSU) led to the Baling protests (later evolved into riots) in 1974</ref> | |||
* [[File:PKR.png]] [[Reformism|Reformasi]] (1998-late 2000s) | |||
*[[File:Libdem2.png]] [[Democracy|BERSIH protests]] (2007-2016) | |||
*[[File:Ethnonat.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Anti-ICERD]] [[Fourth Theory|Rally]] (2018) | |||
*[[File:Welf.png]] [[Welfarism|#BenderaPutih movement]] (2021) | |||
==Heads of States== | |||
''Only the most significant sultans are included, and '''bold''' indicates the monarch held the title '''Yang Di-Pertuan Agong'''.'' | |||
===List of Maharajas (Emperors) of the Srivijayan Empire=== | |||
===List of Sultans of the Melaka Sultanate=== | |||
====Singapura-Melaka Dynasty==== | |||
*[[File:Ethnonat.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Parameswara]] (c. 1400-1414) | |||
*[[File:Muslim 2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Sultan Muhammad Shah]] (1424-1444) | |||
*[[File:Hind.png]] [[Hindu Theocracy|Sultan Abu Syahid Shah (Raja Sri Parameswara Dewa Shah)]] (1444-1446)<ref>Despite Melaka being an Islamic sultanate, Sultan Abu Syahid Shah was a practising Hindu as he took a Hindu title represented a traditionalist reaction in Malacca against Islam, the new religion.</ref> | |||
*[[File:Thalassocracy.png]] [[Imperialism#Thalassocracy|Sultan Muzaffar Shah]] (1446-1459) | |||
*[[File:Thalassocracy.png]] [[Imperialism#Thalassocracy|Sultan Mansur Shah]] (1459-1477) | |||
*[[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism|Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah]] (1477-1488) | |||
*[[File:Anti-Colonial.png]] Sultan Mahmud Shah (1488-1511, 1513-1524) | |||
*[[File:Kak.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Sultan Ahmad Shah]] (1511-1513) | |||
===List of Sultans of the Perak Sultanate=== | |||
====Melaka-Perak Dynasty==== | |||
* [[File:Ethnonat.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah I]] (1402-1414) | |||
====Siak Dynasty==== | |||
*[[Ethnonationalism|Sultan Muzaffar Shah II]] | |||
*[[File:Anti-Colonial.png]] Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II (1874-1877) | |||
*[[File:Krit.png]] '''[[Kritarchy|Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah]] (1984-2014)''' | |||
*Sultan Nazrin Shah | |||
===List of Sultans of the Johor Sultanate=== | |||
====Melaka-Johor Dynasty==== | |||
*[[File:Thalassocracy.png]] [[Imperialism#Thalassocracy|Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II]] (1528-1564) | |||
*Sultan Ibrahim Shah | |||
*[[File:Totalitarian.png]] [[Totalitarianism|Sultan Mahmud Shah II]] (1685-1699) | |||
*[[File:Mach.png]] [[Machiavellianism|Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah]] (1718-1722) (Self-proclaimed, disputed)<ref>Raja Kecil was the first sultan of the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura and claimed to be the illegitimate son of Sultan Mahmud Shah II</ref> | |||
====Bendahara Dynasty==== | |||
*Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV (Bendahara Paduka Raja Tun Abdul Jalil) | |||
*[[File:Cermon.png]] [[Ceremonial Monarchism|Sultan Mahmud Shah III]] (1770-1811) | |||
====Temmengong Dynasty==== | |||
*Temmengong Daeng Ibrahim | |||
*[[File:Enlightmon.png]] [[Enlightened Absolutism|Sultan Sir Abu Bakar ''Al-Khalil'']] (1868-1896) | |||
*[[File:IbrahimAl-Mashyur.png]] [[Monarcho-Fascism|Sultan Sir Ibrahim ''Al-Masyhur'']] (1896-1959) | |||
*'''[[File:Conmon.png]] [[Constitutional Monarchism|Sultan Iskandar ''Al-Mutawakkil Alallah'']] (1981-2010)''' | |||
*[[File:Conmon.png]] [[Constitutional Monarchism|Sultan Ibrahim Ismail]] (2010-present) | |||
===List of Sultans of the Terengganu Sultanate=== | |||
====Telanai Dynasty==== | |||
* Raja Mandalika | |||
* Sri Akar Diraja | |||
* Tun Telanai Diraja | |||
====Megat Dynasty==== | |||
* | |||
====Bendahara Dynasty==== | |||
*[[File:SemiConmon.png]] [[Constitutional Monarchism|Sultan Haji Zainal Abidin III Mu’azzam Shah]] (1881-1918) | |||
*[[File:Cermon.png]] [[Ceremonial Monarchism|Sultan Ali Shah]] (1942-1945)<ref>Sultan Ali Shah was installed as Sultan of Terengganu by the [[File:Showa.png]] Japanese Military Administration instead via the Dewan Pangkuan Diraja (Privy Council) which is against the Undang-undang Bagi Diri Kerajaan Terengganu, the state constitution, which he was later recognized by [[File:Thaifash.png]] Plaek Phibulsongkram as Sultan of Terengganu during the Thai occupation of Terengganu. After WW2, he was forced to abdicate after his enthronement as Sultan of Terengganu was unconstitutional due to aforementioned reason. </ref> | |||
*'''[[File:Conmon.png]] [[Constitutional Monarchism|Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah]] (1945-1979)''' | |||
*'''[[File:Conmon.png]] [[Constitutional Monarchism|Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin]] (1999-present)''' | |||
===List of Sultans of the Pahang Sultanate=== | |||
* Maharaja Tajau | |||
* Parameswara Telok Chini | |||
* Maharaja Dewa Sura | |||
* Panglima Perang, Seri Bija di-Raja | |||
* | |||
====Melaka-Pahang Dynasty==== | |||
*[[File:Monarch.png]] Sultan Abdul Ghafar | |||
*[[File:Monarch.png]] Sultan Abdul Ghafar's son (Name unknown) | |||
* | |||
====Bendahara Dynasty==== | |||
* Sultan Ahmad Shah (1980-2020) | |||
* Sultan Abdullah (2020-present) | |||
===List of Sultans of the Kelantan Sultanate=== | |||
====Iskandar Dynasty==== | |||
* [[File:Muslim 2.png]] Sultan Iskandar Shah (?-1465) | |||
* [[File:Matmon.png]] [[Matriarchal Monarchism|Che Siti Wan Kembang]] (1610-1663) | |||
* [[File:Diarchy.png]] [[Diarchy|Raja Abdullah and Puteri Sa'adong]] (1663-1671) | |||
* | |||
====Jembal Dynasty==== | |||
====Long Yunus Dynasty==== | |||
* [[File:Monarch.png]]Long Yunus | |||
* [[File:Monarch.png]]Tengku Muhammad (Yang Di-Pertuan) | |||
* Sultan Muhammad I | |||
* Long Zainal (Yang Di-Pertuan) | |||
* Sultan Muhammad III | |||
* Sultan Mansor | |||
* Sultan Muhammad IV | |||
* Sultan Yahya Petra | |||
* Sultan Ismail Petra | |||
* '''Sultan Muhammad V (2010-present)''' | |||
===List of Rajas of Perlis=== | |||
====Jamalullail Dynasty==== | |||
===List of Sultans of Kedah Sultanate=== | |||
====Mahawangsa Dynasty==== | |||
* [[File:Mahawangsa.png]] Sultan Mudzafar Shah, Phra Ong Mahawangsa (1136-1179) | |||
* [[File:Antiimp.png]] Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II (1803-1821, 1842-1845)<ref>Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II did not reign between 1821-1842 due to Siamese Invasion of Kedah which ended with Siamese victory</ref> | |||
* '''[[File:Conmon.png]]''' [[Constitutional Monarchism|Sultan Sir Abdul Hamid Halim Shah]] (1881-1943) | |||
* [[File:Gero.png]] '''[[Gerontocracy|Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (1958-2017)]]'''<ref>Currently the only Yang Di-Pertuan Agong to serve two terms in rotation system</ref> | |||
===List of Yamtuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan=== | |||
====Pagar Ruyung Dynasty==== | |||
* [[File:Emon.png]]Yamtuan Melewar | |||
* [[File:Emon.png]]Yamtuan Hitam | |||
* [[File:Emon.png]]Yamtuan Lenggang | |||
* [[File:Emon.png]]Yamtuan Radin | |||
* [[File:Emon.png]]Yamtuan Imam | |||
* [[File:Emon.png]]Yamtuan Antah of Seri Menanti | |||
* [[File:Emon.png]]Tuanku Muhammad of Seri Menanti | |||
* [[File:Emon.png]]Tuanku Abul Rahman | |||
* [[File:Emon.png]]Tuanku Munawir | |||
* [[File:Emon.png]]Tuanku Ja'afar | |||
* [[File:Emon.png]]Tuanku Muhriz | |||
===List of Sultans of Selangor Sultanate=== | |||
====Opu Daeng Celak Dynasty==== | |||
===[[File:Cball-Penang.png]] Lists of Governors of Penang=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!No | |||
!Name | |||
!Term | |||
!Political Affilation | |||
!Notes | |||
|- | |||
|1 | |||
|[[File:Arist.png]] [[Aristocracy|Raja Tun Uda Al-Haj bin Raja Muhammad]] | |||
|1957-1967 | |||
|Independent | |||
|Initially there was a plan to appoint state Governors of Malay descent if the Chief Minister is of Malaysian Chinese descent and vice versa, but later abandoned. Former Menteri Besar of Selangor. | |||
|- | |||
|2 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|3 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Lists of Governors of Melaka=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
!No | |||
!Name | |||
!Term | |||
!Political Affilation | |||
!Notes | |||
|- | |||
|1 | |||
|[[File:3princ.png]] Tun Leong Yew Koh | |||
|1957-1959 | |||
|[[File:MCA.png]] MCA, | |||
[[File:PartiPerikatan.png]] Parti Perikatan | |||
|Initially there was a plan to appoint state Governors of Malaysian Chinese descent if the Chief Minister is of Malay descent and vice versa, but later abandoned. Resigned after being appointed Minister of Justice in 1959. | |||
|- | |||
|2 | |||
|Tun Dato' Maha Kurnia Abdul Malek bin Yusuf | |||
|1959-1971 | |||
|Independent | |||
|Former Menteri Besar of Negeri Sembilan | |||
|- | |||
|3 | |||
|Tun Dr Haji Abdul Aziz Abdul Majid | |||
|1971-1975 | |||
|[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, | |||
[[File:PartiPerikatan.png]] Parti Perikatan/ | |||
[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] Barisan Nasional | |||
|Former Menteri Besar of both Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, the only politician to hold the position of head of governments of two different states. | |||
|- | |||
|4 | |||
|[[File:Arist.png]] Tun Syed Zahiruddin bin Syed Hassan | |||
|1975-1984 | |||
|Independent | |||
|One of the ''Orang Besar Empat Perak,'' a nobility title in the State of Perak | |||
|- | |||
|5 | |||
|Tun Datuk Seri Utama Syed Ahmad bin Syed Mahmud Shahabuddin | |||
|1984-2004 | |||
| rowspan="3" |[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, | |||
[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] Barisan Nasional | |||
|Former Menteri Besar of Kedah, Currently the longest-serving Governor of Melaka. | |||
|- | |||
|6 | |||
|[[File:Mediastocracy_flair.png]] Tun Datuk Seri Utama Mohd Khalil bin Yaakob | |||
|2004-2020 | |||
|Former Menteri Besar of Pahang and former Minister of Information | |||
|- | |||
|7 | |||
|Tun Seri Setia (Dr) Haji Mohd Ali bin Mohd Rustam | |||
|2020-present | |||
|Former Chief Minister of Melaka | |||
|} | |||
===Lists of Governors of Sabah=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!No | |||
!Name | |||
!Term | |||
!Political Affilation | |||
!Notes | |||
|- | |||
|1 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|2 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|3 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Lists of Governors of Sarawak=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!No | |||
!Name | |||
!Term | |||
!Political Affilation | |||
!Notes | |||
|- | |||
|1 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|2 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|3 | |||
|[[File:Gero.png]] Tun Pehin Sri Datuk Patinggi Abang Haji Muhammad Salahuddin bin Abang Barieng | |||
|1977-1981, 2001-2014 | |||
|Independent | |||
|The first Yang di-Pertua Negeri to serve twice as governor of Sarawak state. | |||
|- | |||
|4 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|5 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|6 | |||
|[[File:Right-AnEn.png]] Tun Pehin Sri Haji Abdul Taib Mahmud | |||
|2014-present | |||
|Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu | |||
|Former Chief Minister of Sarawak | |||
|} | |||
==Head of Government== | |||
===Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!No | |||
!Name | |||
!Term of Office | |||
!Political Affilation | |||
!Note | |||
|- | |||
|1 | |||
|[[File:TunkuAbdulRahman.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj]] | |||
|1955-1957 | |||
|[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, [[File:PartiPerikatan.png]] Parti Perikatan | |||
|Position abolished following independence of Federation of Malaya | |||
|} | |||
===List of Prime Ministers=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
!No | |||
!Name | |||
!Term of Office | |||
!Political Affilation | |||
!Note | |||
|- | |||
|1 | |||
|[[File:TunkuAbdulRahman.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj]] | |||
|1957-1970 | |||
|[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, | |||
[[File:PartiPerikatan.png]] Parti Perikatan | |||
|Position established. | |||
|- | |||
|2 | |||
|[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Social Authoritarianism|Tun Abdul Razak Hussein]] | |||
|1970-1976 | |||
|[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, | |||
[[File:PartiPerikatan.png]] Parti Perikatan/ | |||
[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] Barisan Nasional | |||
|Former Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein was a [[File:Socdem.png]] Social Democrat as he was once a member of the [[File:UKLab.png]] British Labour Party during his studies in the UK. Died in office. | |||
|- | |||
|3 | |||
|[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]] [[Cultural Nationalism|Tun Hussein Onn]] | |||
|1976-1981 | |||
| rowspan="2" |[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, | |||
[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] Barisan Nasional | |||
|Resigned due to health concerns | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" |4 | |||
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Mahathir.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism|Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad]] | |||
|1981-2003 | |||
| rowspan="2" |Currently the only prime minister who served two terms in two different political affilations. | |||
|- | |||
|2018-2020 | |||
|[[File:PPBM.png]] PPBM, | |||
[[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] Pakatan Harapan | |||
|- | |||
|5 | |||
|[[File:AbdullahBadawi.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] | |||
|2003-2009 | |||
| rowspan="2" |[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, | |||
[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] Barisan Nasional | |||
|Resigned | |||
|- | |||
|6 | |||
|[[File:NajibRazak.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Neoliberalism|Dato' Seri Najib Abdul Razak]] | |||
|2009-2018 | |||
|Resigned after facing defeat in the 2018 elections | |||
|- | |||
|7 | |||
|[[File:Mahiaddin.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Tan Sri Mahiaddin Yassin]] | |||
|2020-2021 | |||
|[[File:PPBM.png]] PPBM, | |||
[[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] Perikatan Nasional | |||
|Resigned after loss of confidence | |||
|- | |||
|8 | |||
|[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]] [[Paternalistic Conservatism|Dato' Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] | |||
|2021-2022 | |||
|[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, | |||
[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] Barisan Nasional | |||
|Resigned after facing defeat in the 2022 elections | |||
|- | |||
|9 | |||
|[[File:AnwarIbrahim.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim]] | |||
|2022- | |||
|[[File:PKR.png]] PKR, | |||
[[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] Pakatan Harapan | |||
|Incumbent | |||
|} | |||
====List of Acting Prime Ministers==== | ====List of Acting Prime Ministers==== | ||
''Note: This list does not include interim or caretaker prime ministers.'' | ''Note: This list does not include interim or caretaker prime ministers.'' | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
*[[File: | !No | ||
*[[File: | !Name | ||
*[[File:Islamic Democracy.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim]] ( | !Term of Office | ||
!Political Affilation | |||
!Incumbent Prime Minister | |||
|- | |||
|1 | |||
|[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Social Authoritarianism|Tun Abdul Razak Hussein]] | |||
|1959 | |||
| rowspan="2" |[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, | |||
[[File:PartiPerikatan.png]] Parti Perikatan | |||
|[[File:TunkuAbdulRahman.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj]] | |||
|- | |||
|2 | |||
|[[File:Patcon.png]] [[Paternalistic Conservatism|Tun Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman]] | |||
|1970 | |||
|[[File:TunkuAbdulRahman.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj]]/ | |||
[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Social Authoritarianism|Tun Abdul Razak Hussein]] | |||
|- | |||
|3 | |||
|[[File:Ghandi.png]] [[Gandhian Socialism|Tun V.T. Sambanthan]] | |||
|1973 | |||
|[[File:MIC_(Malaysia).png]] MIC, | |||
[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] Barisan Nasional | |||
|[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Social Authoritarianism|Tun Abdul Razak Hussein]] | |||
|- | |||
|4 | |||
|[[File:SocialConservative.png]] [[Conservatism|Tun Dr. Ling Liong Sik]] | |||
|1988 | |||
|[[File:MCA.png]] MCA, | |||
[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] Barisan Nasional | |||
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Mahathir.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism|Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad]] | |||
|- | |||
|5 | |||
|[[File:AnwarIbrahim.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim]] | |||
|1997 | |||
|[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, | |||
[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] Barisan Nasional | |||
|} | |||
===List of Deputy Prime Ministers=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
!No | |||
!Name | |||
!Term of Office | |||
!Political Affilation | |||
!Prime Minister | |||
!Note | |||
|- | |||
|1 | |||
|[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Social Democracy|Tun Abdul Razak Hussein]] | |||
|1957-1970 | |||
|[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, | |||
[[File:PartiPerikatan.png]] Parti Perikatan | |||
|[[File:TunkuAbdulRahman.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj]] | |||
|Succeeded as Prime Minister | |||
|- | |||
|2 | |||
|[[File:Patcon.png]] [[Paternalistic Conservatism|Tun Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman]] | |||
|1970-1973 | |||
|[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, | |||
[[File:PartiPerikatan.png]] Parti Perikatan/[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] Barisan Nasional | |||
| rowspan="2" |[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Social Democracy|Tun Abdul Razak Hussein]] | |||
|Died in office | |||
|- | |||
|3 | |||
|[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]] [[Cultural Nationalism|Tun Hussein Onn]] | |||
|1973-1976 | |||
| rowspan="10" |[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, | |||
[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] Barisan Nasional | |||
|Succeeded as Prime Minister | |||
|- | |||
|4 | |||
|[[File:Mahathir.png]] [[Social Authoritarianism|Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad]] | |||
|1976-1981 | |||
|[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]] [[Cultural Nationalism|Tun Hussein Onn]] | |||
|Succeeded as Prime Minister | |||
|- | |||
|5 | |||
|[[File:Corp.png]] [[Corporatocracy|Tun Musa Hitam]] | |||
|1981-1986 | |||
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Mahathir.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism|Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad]] | |||
|Resigned | |||
|- | |||
|6 | |||
|[[File:Ethnonat.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Tun Abdul Ghafar Baba]] | |||
|1986-1993 | |||
|Resigned | |||
|- | |||
|7 | |||
|[[File:AnwarIbrahim.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim]] | |||
|1993-1998 | |||
|Removed from office after being accused and subsequently charged with corruption and sodomy in 1998 | |||
|- | |||
|8 | |||
|[[File:AbdullahBadawi.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] | |||
|1998-2003 | |||
|Succeeded as Prime Minister | |||
|- | |||
|9 | |||
|[[File:NajibRazak.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Reactionary Liberalism|Dato' Seri Najib Abdul Razak]] | |||
|2003-2009 | |||
|[[File:AbdullahBadawi.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] | |||
|Succeeded as Prime Minister | |||
|- | |||
|10 | |||
|[[File:Mahiaddin.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Tan Sri Mahiaddin Yassin]] | |||
|2009-2015 | |||
| rowspan="2" |[[File:NajibRazak.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Reactionary Liberalism|Dato' Seri Najib Abdul Razak]] | |||
|Removed from office | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" |11 | |||
| rowspan="2" |'''[[File:UMNO-klep.png]] [[Kleptocracy|Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]]''' | |||
|2015-2018 | |||
|Disqualified from office after facing defeat in 2018 General Elections. | |||
|- | |||
|2022- | |||
|[[File:AnwarIbrahim.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim]] | |||
|'''Incumbent, representing Peninsular Malaysia''' | |||
|- | |||
|12 | |||
|[[File:KakWan.png]] [[Reformism|Dato' Seri Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]] | |||
|2018-2020 | |||
|[[File:PKR.png]] PKR, | |||
[[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] Pakatan Harapan | |||
|[[File:Mahathir.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism|Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad]] | |||
|Disqualified from office after the seventh Mahathir cabinet was dissolved | |||
|- | |||
|13 | |||
|[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]] [[Paternalistic Conservatism|Dato' Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] | |||
|2021 | |||
|[[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO, | |||
[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] Barisan Nasional | |||
|[[File:Mahiaddin.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Tan Sri Mahiaddin Yassin]] | |||
|Succeeded as Prime Minister | |||
|- | |||
|14 | |||
|'''[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Dato' Sri Haji Fadillah bin Haji Yusof]]''' | |||
|2022- | |||
|PBB, [[File:GabunganPartiSarawak.png]] Gabungan Parti Sarawak | |||
|[[File:AnwarIbrahim.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim]] | |||
|'''Incumbent, representing East Malaysia''' | |||
|} | |||
==Dewan Negara (WIP)== | |||
===Current=== | |||
*[[File:Bankocracy.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Financialism|Tengku Zafrul Aziz]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
*[[File:Mediastocracy_flair.png]] [[Mediacracy|Tan Sri Dato' Seri Utama Dr. Rais bin Yatim]] ([[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PPBM) | |||
*[[File:Confem-alt.png]] [[Conservative Feminism|Nicole Wong Siaw Ting]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-MCA) | |||
*[[File:Nalib.png]] [[National Liberalism|Dominic Lau Hoe Chai]] ([[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-GERAKAN) | |||
*[[File:Muslim_2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri]] (Independent) | |||
*[[File:Mach.png]] [[Machiavellianism|Dato' Seri DiRaja Dr. Zambry Abdul Kadir]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
===Former=== | |||
* [[File:AMIPF.png]] [[Religious Socialism|Sambanthan Manickam]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] Friends of BN-AIMPF) | |||
* [[File:Native.png]] [[Indigenism|Isa Ab. Hamid]] ([[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PPBM) | |||
* [[File:Native.png]] [[Indigenism|Manolan Mohamad]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PKR) | |||
* [[File:Anti-Corrupt.png]][[File:Arist.png]] Tunku Abdul Aziz bin Tunku Ibrahim ([[File:DAP(Malaysia).png]] DAP) | |||
==Dewan Rakyat (WIP)== | |||
===Current=== | |||
====Perlis==== | |||
* [[File:Corp.png]] [[Corporatocracy|Dato' Seri Dr. Shahidan Kassim]] ([[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PAS, Arau) | |||
====Kedah==== | |||
* [[File:Muslim 2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Dr. Hj. Abdul Ghani Ahmad]] ([[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PAS, Jerlun) | |||
====Penang==== | |||
* [[File:LimGuanEng.png]] [[Multiculturalism|Joseph Lim Guan Eng]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-DAP, Bagan)<ref>Nicknamed "Nobita" (from a Japanese manga series Doraemon) by then opposition Barisan Nasional in Parliamentary session due to his resemblance in hairstyle and glasses. </ref> | |||
* [[File:DAP(Malaysia).png]] [[Multiculturalism|Chow Kon Yeo]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-DAP, Batu Kawan) | |||
====Perak==== | |||
* [[File:Honk.png]] [[Satirism|David Nga Kor Ming]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-DAP, Teluk Intan) | |||
* [[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Datuk Seri Hamzah Zainudin]] ([[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PPBM, Larut) | |||
* [[File:Muslim_2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Datuk Ustaz Haji Idris Ahmad]] ([[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PAS, Bagan Serai) | |||
*[[File:AnwarIbrahim.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PKR, Tambun) | |||
*[[File:UMNO-klep.png]] [[Kleptocracy|Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO, Bagan Datuk) | |||
====Selangor==== | |||
* [[File:MatSabu.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Mohamad Sabu]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-AMANAH, Kota Raja) | |||
====Federal Territories==== | |||
* [[File:KakWan.png]] [[Reformism|Dato' Seri Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PKR, Bandar Tun Razak) | |||
* [[File:Libfem.png]] [[Liberal Feminism|Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-DAP, Segambut) | |||
====Negeri Sembilan==== | |||
* [[File:DAP(Malaysia).png]] [[Multiculturalism|Anthony Loke Siew Fook]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-DAP, Seremban) | |||
* [[File:Corp.png]] [[Corporatocracy|Dato' Seri Utama Haji Mohamad bin Haji Hasan]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO, Rembau) | |||
====Melaka==== | |||
====Johor==== | |||
* [[File:Mahiaddin.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Tan Sri Mahiaddin Yassin]] ([[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PPBM, Pagoh) | |||
*[[File:SyedSaddiq.png]] [[Multiculturalism|Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman]] ([[File:Muda.png]] MUDA, Muar) | |||
*[[File:MCA.png]] [[Conservatism|Datuk Seri Ir. Dr. Wee Ka Siong]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-MCA, Ayer Hitam) | |||
*[[File:MCA.png]] [[Conservatism|Dato' Sri Dr. Wee Jeck Seng]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-MCA, Tanjong Piai) | |||
====Pahang==== | |||
* [[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]] [[Paternalistic Conservatism|Dato' Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO, Bera) | |||
* [[File:Native.png]] [[Indigenism|Dato' Ramli Mohd Nor]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO, Cameron Highlands) | |||
====Kelantan==== | |||
* [[File:Kak.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Wan Ahmad Fayhsal Wan Ahmad Kamal]] ([[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PAS, Machang) | |||
====Terengganu==== | |||
* [[File:Muslim_2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Tan Sri Tuan Guru Abdul Hadi Awang]] ([[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PAS, Marang) | |||
====Sarawak==== | |||
* [[File:Confem-alt.png]] [[Conservative Feminism|Dato' Sri Hajah Nancy Shukri]] ([[File:GabunganPartiSarawak.png]] GPS-PBB, Santubong) | |||
*[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Dato' Sri Haji Fadillah bin Haji Yusof]] ([[File:GabunganPartiSarawak.png]] GPS-PBB, Petra Jaya) | |||
====Sabah==== | |||
*[[File:UMNO-klep.png]] [[National Capitalism|Datuk Seri]] [[Kleptocracy|Panglima Bung Moktar Radin]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO, Kinabatangan)<ref>Bung Mokhtar was corrupt, apart from his controversial remarks which inlude [praising Hitler https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28227713], sexist remarks and vulgarity in Parliament</ref> | |||
* | |||
===Former=== | |||
*[[File:Mahathir.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism|Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO→[[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PPBM→[[File:Mahathir.png]] PEJUANG) | |||
*[[File:Plutocrat.png]] [[Plutocracy|Dato' Seri Utama Mukhriz Mahathir]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO→[[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PPBM→[[File:Mahathir.png]] PEJUANG) | |||
*[[File:Clib.png]][[File:Arist.png]] [[Aristocracy|Tan Sri Tengku]] [[Classical Liberalism|Razaleigh Hamzah]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO→S46→[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
*[[File:Kak.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Datuk Hajah Zuraida Kamaruddin]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PKR→[[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PPBM→PBM) | |||
*[[File:Scientocracy_Small.png]] [[Scientocracy|Khairy Jamaluddin]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
*[[File:Islamic Democracy.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Mujahid Yusof Rawa]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-AMANAH) | |||
*[[File:Envi.png]] [[Environmentalism|Wong Tack]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-DAP) | |||
*[[File:Kak.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Dato' Seri Mohamed Azmin Ali]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PKR→[[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PPBM) | |||
*[[File:Thar.png]] [[Anti-Authoritarianism|Dr. Maszlee Malik]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PPBM→Independent→[[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PKR) | |||
*[[File:KarpalSingh.png]] [[Civil Libertarianism|Datuk Seri Utama Karpal Singh]] ([[File:DAP(Malaysia).png]] DAP) | |||
*[[File:Mediastocracy_flair.png]] [[Mediacracy|Tan Sri Mohamed bin Rahmat]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
*[[File:Civlibert.png]] [[Civil Libertarianism|Maria Chin Abdullah]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PKR) | |||
*[[File:Mediastocracy_flair.png]] [[Mediacracy|Tan Sri Dato' Seri Utama Dr. Rais bin Yatim]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
*[[File:Ibrahim_Ali.png]] [[Ethnocracy|Dato' Dr. Ibrahim Ali]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO→S46→[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO→Independent→[[File:PAS.png]] PAS→Independent)<ref>Due to Ibrahim Ali's frequent party-hopping during his tenure as Parliamentary member, he was later known as the "King of Frogs" (Raja Katak) by opponents</ref> | |||
*[[File:SamyVellu.png]] [[Satirism|Tun Samy Vellu s/o Sangalimuthu]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-MIC) | |||
*[[File:NajibRazak.png]] [[Reactionary Liberalism|Dato' Seri Najib Abdul Razak (]][[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
*[[File:LimKitSiang.png]] [[Multiculturalism|Lim Kit Siang]] ([[File:DAP(Malaysia).png]] DAP) | |||
*[[File:Reform.png]] [[Reformism|Nurul Izzah Anwar]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PKR) | |||
*[[File:Kak.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Dato' Seri Ahmad Faizal bin Azumu]] ([[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PPBM→[[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PPBM) | |||
*[[File:Antiwest.png]] [[Civil Libertarianism|Kua Kia Soong]] ([[File:DAP(Malaysia).png]] DAP) | |||
===List of Opposition Leaders=== | |||
*[[File:Islamic_Socialism.png]] [[Islamic Socialism|Dato' Seri Dr. Burhanuddin al-Helmy]] (1957-64, [[File:PAS.png]] PAS) | |||
*[[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|Tan Sri Dato' Tan Chee Khoon]] (1964-69, Labour Party/GERAKAN) | |||
*''(Position vacant between 1969-1971 due to suspension of Parliament following the 13 May Riots in 1969)'' | |||
*[[File:Muslim_2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Tan Sri Dato' Sri Paduka Raja Dato' Haji Mohd Asri bin Haji Muda]] (1971-1973, [[File:PAS.png]] PAS) | |||
*[[File:LimKitSiang.png]] [[Multiculturalism|Lim Kit Siang]] (1973-74; 1975-99; 2004-08, [[File:DAP(Malaysia).png]] DAP) | |||
*[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Datuk Amar James Wong Kim Min]] (1974, SNAP) | |||
*[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Dato Sri Edmund Langgu anak Saga]] (1974-75, SNAP) | |||
*[[File:Muslim_2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Dato' Ustaz Haji Fadzil bin Muhammad Noor]] (1999-2002, [[File:PAS.png]] PAS) | |||
*[[File:Muslim_2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Tan Sri Dato' Seri Tuan Guru Abdul Hadi Awang]] (2002-04, [[File:PAS.png]] PAS) | |||
*[[File:KakWan.png]] [[Islamic Feminism|Dato' Seri Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]] (2008; 2015-18, [[File:PKR.png]] PKR) | |||
*[[File:AnwarIbrahim.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim]] (2008-15; 2020-22, [[File:PKR.png]] PKR) | |||
*[[File:UMNO-klep.png]] [[Kleptocracy|Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]] (2018-19, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
*[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]] [[Paternalistic Conservatism|Dato' Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] (2019-20, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
*[[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Datuk Seri Hamzah Zainudin]] (2022-, [[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PPBM) | |||
==Menteri Besar/Chief Ministers (WIP)== | |||
===[[File:Cball-Perlis.png]] Perlis=== | |||
* [[File:Muslim 2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Dato' Seri Dr. Shahidan Kassim]] (1995-2008, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
===Kedah=== | |||
*[[File:Plutocrat.png]] [[Plutocracy|Dato' Seri Utama Mukhriz Mahathir]] (2013-2016, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO; 2018-2020, [[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PPBM) | |||
*[[File:Muslim 2.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Dato' Seri Haji]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Muhammad Sanusi bin Md Nor]] (2020-present, [[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PAS) | |||
===[[File:Cball-Penang.png]] Penang=== | |||
*[[File:3princ.png]] [[Tridemism|Tan Sri Wong Pow Nee]] (1957-1969, [[File:PartiPerikatan.png]] Perikatan-MCA) | |||
*[[File:Civnat.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Tun Dr. Lim Chong Eu]] (1969-1990, GERAKAN→[[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-GERAKAN) | |||
*[[File:Nalib.png]] [[National Liberalism|Tan Sri Dr. Koh Tsu Koon]] (1990-2008, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-GERAKAN) | |||
*[[File:LimGuanEng.png]] [[Multiculturalism|Joseph Lim Guan Eng]] (2008-2018, [[File:DAP(Malaysia).png]] DAP) | |||
*[[File:DAP(Malaysia).png]] [[Multiculturalism|Chow Kon Yeo]] (2018-present, [[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-DAP) | |||
===[[File:Cball-Perak.png]] Perak=== | |||
*[[File:Ethnonat.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Dato' Panglima Bukit Gantang (Abdul Wahab Toh Muda Abdul Aziz)]] (1948-1957, [[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO/Independent/National Association of Perak) | |||
*[[File:Islamic Democracy.png]] [[Islamic Democracy|Dato' Seri Ir. Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin]] (2008-2009, [[File:PAS.png]] PAS) | |||
*[[File:Mach.png]] [[Machiavellianism|Dato' Seri DiRaja Dr. Zambry Abdul Kadir]] (2009-2018, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
*[[File:Kak.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Dato' Seri Ahmad Faizal bin Azumu]] (2018-2020, [[File:Pakatan Harapan.png]] PH-PPBM; 2020, [[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PPBM) | |||
*[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]] [[Paternalistic Conservatism|Dato' Seri Saarani Mohamad]] (2020-present, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
===[[File:Cball-Selangor.png]] Selangor=== | |||
*[[File:Arist.png]] [[Aristocracy|Raja Tun Uda Al-Haj bin Raja Muhammad]] (1949-1953; 1954-1955, Independent) | |||
*[[File:UMNO-klep.png]] [[Kleptocracy|Dr. Mohamad Khir Bin Toyo]] (2000-2008, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
*[[File:KhalidIbrahim.png]] [[Technocracy|Tan Sri Dato' Seri Abdul Khalid bin Ibrahim]] (2008-2014, [[File:PKR.png]] PKR) | |||
*[[File:Kak.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Dato' Seri Mohamed Azmin Ali]] (2014-2018, [[File:PKR.png]] PKR) | |||
===[[File:Cball-Negeri Sembilan.png]] Negeri Sembilan=== | |||
* [[File:Mediastocracy_flair.png]] [[Mediacracy|Tan Sri Dato' Seri Utama Dr. Rais bin Yatim]] (1978-1982, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
* [[File:Corp.png]] [[Corporatocracy|Dato' Seri Utama Haji Mohamad bin Haji Hasan]] (2004-2018, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
===Melaka=== | |||
===[[File:Cball-Johor.png]] Johor=== | |||
* [[File:Arist.png]] [[Aristocracy|Dato' Jaafar bin Haji Muhammad]] (1886-1919, Independent) | |||
*[[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|Dato' Onn Jaafar]] (1947-1950, [[File:UMNO.png]] UMNO) | |||
*[[File:Mahiaddin.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Tan Sri Mahiaddin Yassin]] (1986-1995, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
*[[File:SocialConservative.png]] [[Conservatism|Onn Hafiz Ghazi]] (2022-present, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
===Kelantan=== | |||
*[[File:Muslim_2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Tuan Guru Dato' Bentara Setia Dato' Haji Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]] (1990-2013, [[File:PAS.png]] PAS) | |||
*[[File:Muslim_2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Dato' Bentara Kanan Haji Ahmad Yakob]] (2013-present, [[File:PAS.png]] PAS→[[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PAS) | |||
===[[File:Cball-Terengganu.png]] Terengganu=== | |||
*[[File:Muslim_2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Tan Sri Dato' Seri Tuan Guru Abdul Hadi Awang]] (1999-2004, [[File:PAS.png]] PAS) | |||
*[[File:Muslim_2.png]] [[Islamic Theocracy|Dato' Seri Dr.]] [[Technocracy|Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar]] (2018-present, [[File:PAS.png]] PAS→[[File:Perikatan Nasional.png]] PN-PAS) | |||
===[[File:Cball-Pahang.png]] Pahang=== | |||
*[[File:UMNO-Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|Tun Abdul Razak Hussein]] (1955, [[File:PartiPerikatan.png]] Perikatan-UMNO) | |||
*[[File:NajibRazak.png]] [[Reactionary Liberalism|Dato' Seri Najib Abdul Razak]] (1982-1986, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
*Dato' Sri Haji Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail (2018-present, [[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-UMNO) | |||
===Sarawak=== | |||
*[[File:Right-AnEn.png]] Tun Pehin Sri Haji Abdul Taib Mahmud ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN-PBB, 1981-2014) | |||
*[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Tan Sri Datuk Patinggi Abang Haji Abdul Rahman Zohari bin Tun Abang Haji Openg]] ([[File:Barisan Nasional.png]] BN/ [[File:GabunganPartiSarawak.png]] GPS-PBB, 2017-present) | |||
===Sabah=== | |||
==Notes and References== | |||
''*Denotes non-registered parties'' | ''*Denotes non-registered parties'' | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
===Notes=== | |||
<notes /> | |||
[[zh:政治组织与运动列表/政党/马来西亚]] |
Latest revision as of 00:41, 9 June 2023
Political Parties
Parliamentary
Government
- Barisan Nasional (National Front)
- Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu (United Malays National Organisation)[2]
- 马来西亚华人公会 (Malaysian Chinese Association)
- 马来西亚华人公会 (Malaysian Chinese Association) (Historical)
- மலேசிய இந்திய காங்கிரஸ் (Malaysian Indian Congress)
- மலேசிய இந்திய காங்கிரஸ் (Malaysian Indian Congress) (Historical)
- Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (United Sabah People's Party)
- Parti Warisan Sabah (Sabah Heritage Party)
- Gabungan Parti Sarawak (Sarawak Parties Alliance)
- Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (Sabah People's Coalition)
- Parti Kesejahteraan Demokratik Masyarakat (Social Democratic Harmony Party)
- Parti Bangsa Malaysia (Malaysian Nation Party)
Opposition
Extraparliamentary
- Friends of Barisan Nasional
- Parti Cinta Malaysia (Love Malaysia Party)
- மலேசிய இந்திய முஸ்லிம் காங்கிரஸ் (Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress)
- அகில மலேசிய இந்தியர் முன்னேற்ற முன்னனி (All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front)
- மலேசியா மக்கள் சக்தி கட்சி (Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party)
- மலேசிய இந்திய ஐக்கிய கட்சி (Malaysian Indian United Party)
- Parti Kuasa Rakyat (People's Power Party)*
- Parti Tindakan Hak Minoriti (Minority Rights Action Party) (Will be merged to KUASA)
- ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪਾਰਟੀ ਮਲੇਸ਼ੀਆ (Malaysian Punjabi Party)
- மலேசிய முன்னேற்றக் கட்சி (Malaysian Advancement Party)
- Parti Ikatan Bangsa Malaysia (Malaysia National Alliance Party)
- GASAK
- මැලේසියානු ලංකා කොන්ග්රසය (Malaysian Ceylonese Congress)
- ڤرتي بوميڤوترا ڤركاس مليسيا (Malaysia Mighty Bumiputera Party)
- Parti Bumi Kenyalang (Land of the Hornbills Party)
- Parti Hijau Malaysia (Green Party of Malaysia)
- Parti Cinta Sabah (Love Sabah Party)
- Parti Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu (Baru) (United Sabah National Organisation (New))
- Parti Aspirasi Sains Malaysia (Malaysian Science Aspiration Party)*
Previously Represented in Dewan Rakyat
De jure they still exist, but de facto they're irrelevant and everyone has already forgot (or at least a few of them remembered) about them.
- Parti Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Party)
- Parti Sosialis Malaysia (Socialist Party of Malaysia)
- Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front) (Currently an allied party of PN+)
- Parti Progresif Sabah (Sabah Progressive Party) (Currently a member party of Perikatan Nasional)
- Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Movement Party) (Currently a member party of Perikatan Nasional)
- Parti Liberal Demokratik (Liberal Democratic Party) (Currently an allied party of PN+)
- Parti Sarawak Bersatu (United Sarawak Party)
- Parti Pejuang Tanah Air (Homeland Fighters' Party)
Historical
- 馬來亞共產黨 (Malayan Communist Party) (1930 - 1989)
- Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist-Leninist (1974-1983)
- Malayan Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction (1972 - 1983)
- Kesatuan Melayu Muda (Young Malays Union) (1938 - 1945)
- Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (Malay Nationalist Party) (1945 - 1948)
- Parti Orang Muslimin Malaya/Hizbul Muslimin (Muslim People's Party of Malaya) (1948)
- Parti Buruh Malaya (Labour Party of Malaya) (1952-1978)
- Malaysian People's Progressive Party (1953-2019)
- Parti Perikatan (Alliance Party) (1955-1972)
- Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (Spirit of 46 Malay Party) (1989-1996)
- Parti Pekerja Sarawak (Sarawak Workers Party) (Former)
Malayan Union (1946-1948)
During the Malayan Union years, most left-wing socialist parties (including civic nationalist factions) were in favour of the establishment of the Malayan Union, while right-wing ethnic nationalists and monarchists were against the formation of Malayan Union, due to the methods Sir Harold MacMichael used to acquire the Sultans' approval and the implementation of jus soli citizenship.
In Favour:
- Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya
- Angkatan Wanita Sedar
- Angkatan Pemuda Insaf
- Barisan Tani Malaya
- Malayan Communist Party
- Malayan Democratic Union
Against:
Federation of Malaya (1948-1963)
- Majlis Bertindak Bersama Se-Malaya (All-Malayan Council of Joint Action)
- Malayan Democratic Union
- Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (Banned 1948)
- Malayan Communist Party (Banned 1948)
- Independence for Malaya Party (1952-1954)
- Parti Negara (National Party) (1954-1962)
Think Tanks
- Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs
- Invoke Malaysia
- Yayasan Kepimpinan Perdana (Perdana Leadership Foundation)
- Malaysia Alliance of Civil Society Organisations in the UPR Process
- International Women’s Alliance for Family Institution and Quality Education (WAFIQ)
- Centre for Human Rights Research and Advocacy
- Socio-Economic Development And Research Institute
- Institut Darul Ehsan
Youth Wings
- Pergerakan Pemuda BN (BN Youth Movement)
- Pakatan Harapan (Alliance of Hope)
- Perikatan Nasional
- Pemuda Sosialis Malaysia
Social and Political Movements
Ongoing
- Teh Tarik Alliance (2020-present)
- 2021-2022 Malaysian Protests (2021-present)
- #Undi18 protests (2021)
- Buka Puasa Buka Parlimen Protests (2021)
- #BenderaHitam movement and #Lawan Protests (2021)
- Tangkap Azam Baki Protests (2022)
- #Turun Protests (2022)
- Littoral Combat Ship Protests (2022)
Historical
- Naning Conflict (1831-1832)
- Mat Salleh Rebellion (1894-1905)
- Kelantan Rebellion (1915)
- Terengganu Insurgency (1922-1928)
- Anti-Malayan Union protests (1946-1947)
- Anti-cession movement of Sarawak (1946-1950)
- Anti-Indonesia infiltration demonstrations
- Student Movements in Malaysia (1967-1974)[3]
- Baling Protests (1974)[4]
- Reformasi (1998-late 2000s)
- BERSIH protests (2007-2016)
- Anti-ICERD Rally (2018)
- #BenderaPutih movement (2021)
Heads of States
Only the most significant sultans are included, and bold indicates the monarch held the title Yang Di-Pertuan Agong.
List of Maharajas (Emperors) of the Srivijayan Empire
List of Sultans of the Melaka Sultanate
Singapura-Melaka Dynasty
- Parameswara (c. 1400-1414)
- Sultan Muhammad Shah (1424-1444)
- Sultan Abu Syahid Shah (Raja Sri Parameswara Dewa Shah) (1444-1446)[5]
- Sultan Muzaffar Shah (1446-1459)
- Sultan Mansur Shah (1459-1477)
- Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah (1477-1488)
- Sultan Mahmud Shah (1488-1511, 1513-1524)
- Sultan Ahmad Shah (1511-1513)
List of Sultans of the Perak Sultanate
Melaka-Perak Dynasty
- Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah I (1402-1414)
Siak Dynasty
- Sultan Muzaffar Shah II
- Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II (1874-1877)
- Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah (1984-2014)
- Sultan Nazrin Shah
List of Sultans of the Johor Sultanate
Melaka-Johor Dynasty
- Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II (1528-1564)
- Sultan Ibrahim Shah
- Sultan Mahmud Shah II (1685-1699)
- Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah (1718-1722) (Self-proclaimed, disputed)[6]
Bendahara Dynasty
- Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV (Bendahara Paduka Raja Tun Abdul Jalil)
- Sultan Mahmud Shah III (1770-1811)
Temmengong Dynasty
- Temmengong Daeng Ibrahim
- Sultan Sir Abu Bakar Al-Khalil (1868-1896)
- Sultan Sir Ibrahim Al-Masyhur (1896-1959)
- Sultan Iskandar Al-Mutawakkil Alallah (1981-2010)
- Sultan Ibrahim Ismail (2010-present)
List of Sultans of the Terengganu Sultanate
Telanai Dynasty
- Raja Mandalika
- Sri Akar Diraja
- Tun Telanai Diraja
Megat Dynasty
Bendahara Dynasty
- Sultan Haji Zainal Abidin III Mu’azzam Shah (1881-1918)
- Sultan Ali Shah (1942-1945)[7]
- Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah (1945-1979)
- Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin (1999-present)
List of Sultans of the Pahang Sultanate
- Maharaja Tajau
- Parameswara Telok Chini
- Maharaja Dewa Sura
- Panglima Perang, Seri Bija di-Raja
Melaka-Pahang Dynasty
Bendahara Dynasty
- Sultan Ahmad Shah (1980-2020)
- Sultan Abdullah (2020-present)
List of Sultans of the Kelantan Sultanate
Iskandar Dynasty
- Sultan Iskandar Shah (?-1465)
- Che Siti Wan Kembang (1610-1663)
- Raja Abdullah and Puteri Sa'adong (1663-1671)
Jembal Dynasty
Long Yunus Dynasty
- Long Yunus
- Tengku Muhammad (Yang Di-Pertuan)
- Sultan Muhammad I
- Long Zainal (Yang Di-Pertuan)
- Sultan Muhammad III
- Sultan Mansor
- Sultan Muhammad IV
- Sultan Yahya Petra
- Sultan Ismail Petra
- Sultan Muhammad V (2010-present)
List of Rajas of Perlis
Jamalullail Dynasty
List of Sultans of Kedah Sultanate
Mahawangsa Dynasty
- Sultan Mudzafar Shah, Phra Ong Mahawangsa (1136-1179)
- Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II (1803-1821, 1842-1845)[8]
- Sultan Sir Abdul Hamid Halim Shah (1881-1943)
- Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (1958-2017)[9]
List of Yamtuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan
Pagar Ruyung Dynasty
- Yamtuan Melewar
- Yamtuan Hitam
- Yamtuan Lenggang
- Yamtuan Radin
- Yamtuan Imam
- Yamtuan Antah of Seri Menanti
- Tuanku Muhammad of Seri Menanti
- Tuanku Abul Rahman
- Tuanku Munawir
- Tuanku Ja'afar
- Tuanku Muhriz
List of Sultans of Selangor Sultanate
Opu Daeng Celak Dynasty
Lists of Governors of Penang
No | Name | Term | Political Affilation | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Raja Tun Uda Al-Haj bin Raja Muhammad | 1957-1967 | Independent | Initially there was a plan to appoint state Governors of Malay descent if the Chief Minister is of Malaysian Chinese descent and vice versa, but later abandoned. Former Menteri Besar of Selangor. |
2 | ||||
3 |
Lists of Governors of Melaka
Lists of Governors of Sabah
No | Name | Term | Political Affilation | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ||||
2 | ||||
3 |
Lists of Governors of Sarawak
Head of Government
Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya
No | Name | Term of Office | Political Affilation | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj | 1955-1957 | UMNO, Parti Perikatan | Position abolished following independence of Federation of Malaya |
List of Prime Ministers
No | Name | Term of Office | Political Affilation | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj | 1957-1970 | UMNO, | Position established. |
2 | Tun Abdul Razak Hussein | 1970-1976 | UMNO, | Former Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein was a Social Democrat as he was once a member of the British Labour Party during his studies in the UK. Died in office. |
3 | Tun Hussein Onn | 1976-1981 | UMNO, | Resigned due to health concerns |
4 | Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad | 1981-2003 | Currently the only prime minister who served two terms in two different political affilations. | |
2018-2020 | PPBM, | |||
5 | Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | 2003-2009 | UMNO, | Resigned |
6 | Dato' Seri Najib Abdul Razak | 2009-2018 | Resigned after facing defeat in the 2018 elections | |
7 | Tan Sri Mahiaddin Yassin | 2020-2021 | PPBM, | Resigned after loss of confidence |
8 | Dato' Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob | 2021-2022 | UMNO, | Resigned after facing defeat in the 2022 elections |
9 | Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim | 2022- | PKR, | Incumbent |
List of Acting Prime Ministers
Note: This list does not include interim or caretaker prime ministers.
No | Name | Term of Office | Political Affilation | Incumbent Prime Minister |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tun Abdul Razak Hussein | 1959 | UMNO, | Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj |
2 | Tun Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman | 1970 | Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj/ | |
3 | Tun V.T. Sambanthan | 1973 | MIC, | Tun Abdul Razak Hussein |
4 | Tun Dr. Ling Liong Sik | 1988 | MCA, | Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad |
5 | Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim | 1997 | UMNO, |
List of Deputy Prime Ministers
No | Name | Term of Office | Political Affilation | Prime Minister | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tun Abdul Razak Hussein | 1957-1970 | UMNO, | Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj | Succeeded as Prime Minister |
2 | Tun Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman | 1970-1973 | UMNO, | Tun Abdul Razak Hussein | Died in office |
3 | Tun Hussein Onn | 1973-1976 | UMNO, | Succeeded as Prime Minister | |
4 | Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad | 1976-1981 | Tun Hussein Onn | Succeeded as Prime Minister | |
5 | Tun Musa Hitam | 1981-1986 | Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad | Resigned | |
6 | Tun Abdul Ghafar Baba | 1986-1993 | Resigned | ||
7 | Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim | 1993-1998 | Removed from office after being accused and subsequently charged with corruption and sodomy in 1998 | ||
8 | Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | 1998-2003 | Succeeded as Prime Minister | ||
9 | Dato' Seri Najib Abdul Razak | 2003-2009 | Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | Succeeded as Prime Minister | |
10 | Tan Sri Mahiaddin Yassin | 2009-2015 | Dato' Seri Najib Abdul Razak | Removed from office | |
11 | Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi | 2015-2018 | Disqualified from office after facing defeat in 2018 General Elections. | ||
2022- | Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim | Incumbent, representing Peninsular Malaysia | |||
12 | Dato' Seri Wan Azizah Wan Ismail | 2018-2020 | PKR, | Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad | Disqualified from office after the seventh Mahathir cabinet was dissolved |
13 | Dato' Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob | 2021 | UMNO, | Tan Sri Mahiaddin Yassin | Succeeded as Prime Minister |
14 | Dato' Sri Haji Fadillah bin Haji Yusof | 2022- | PBB, Gabungan Parti Sarawak | Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim | Incumbent, representing East Malaysia |
Dewan Negara (WIP)
Current
- Tengku Zafrul Aziz ( BN-UMNO)
- Tan Sri Dato' Seri Utama Dr. Rais bin Yatim ( PN-PPBM)
- Nicole Wong Siaw Ting ( BN-MCA)
- Dominic Lau Hoe Chai ( PN-GERAKAN)
- Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri (Independent)
- Dato' Seri DiRaja Dr. Zambry Abdul Kadir ( BN-UMNO)
Former
- Sambanthan Manickam ( Friends of BN-AIMPF)
- Isa Ab. Hamid ( PN-PPBM)
- Manolan Mohamad ( PH-PKR)
- Tunku Abdul Aziz bin Tunku Ibrahim ( DAP)
Dewan Rakyat (WIP)
Current
Perlis
- Dato' Seri Dr. Shahidan Kassim ( PN-PAS, Arau)
Kedah
- Dr. Hj. Abdul Ghani Ahmad ( PN-PAS, Jerlun)
Penang
- Joseph Lim Guan Eng ( PH-DAP, Bagan)[10]
- Chow Kon Yeo ( PH-DAP, Batu Kawan)
Perak
- David Nga Kor Ming ( PH-DAP, Teluk Intan)
- Datuk Seri Hamzah Zainudin ( PN-PPBM, Larut)
- Datuk Ustaz Haji Idris Ahmad ( PN-PAS, Bagan Serai)
- Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim ( PH-PKR, Tambun)
- Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi ( BN-UMNO, Bagan Datuk)
Selangor
- Mohamad Sabu ( PH-AMANAH, Kota Raja)
Federal Territories
- Dato' Seri Wan Azizah Wan Ismail ( PH-PKR, Bandar Tun Razak)
- Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan ( PH-DAP, Segambut)
Negeri Sembilan
- Anthony Loke Siew Fook ( PH-DAP, Seremban)
- Dato' Seri Utama Haji Mohamad bin Haji Hasan ( BN-UMNO, Rembau)
Melaka
Johor
- Tan Sri Mahiaddin Yassin ( PN-PPBM, Pagoh)
- Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman ( MUDA, Muar)
- Datuk Seri Ir. Dr. Wee Ka Siong ( BN-MCA, Ayer Hitam)
- Dato' Sri Dr. Wee Jeck Seng ( BN-MCA, Tanjong Piai)
Pahang
- Dato' Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob ( BN-UMNO, Bera)
- Dato' Ramli Mohd Nor ( BN-UMNO, Cameron Highlands)
Kelantan
- Wan Ahmad Fayhsal Wan Ahmad Kamal ( PN-PAS, Machang)
Terengganu
- Tan Sri Tuan Guru Abdul Hadi Awang ( PN-PAS, Marang)
Sarawak
- Dato' Sri Hajah Nancy Shukri ( GPS-PBB, Santubong)
- Dato' Sri Haji Fadillah bin Haji Yusof ( GPS-PBB, Petra Jaya)
Sabah
- Datuk Seri Panglima Bung Moktar Radin ( BN-UMNO, Kinabatangan)[11]
Former
- Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad ( BN-UMNO→ PH-PPBM→ PEJUANG)
- Dato' Seri Utama Mukhriz Mahathir ( BN-UMNO→ PH-PPBM→ PEJUANG)
- Tan Sri Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah ( BN-UMNO→S46→ BN-UMNO)
- Datuk Hajah Zuraida Kamaruddin ( PH-PKR→ PN-PPBM→PBM)
- Khairy Jamaluddin ( BN-UMNO)
- Mujahid Yusof Rawa ( PH-AMANAH)
- Wong Tack ( PH-DAP)
- Dato' Seri Mohamed Azmin Ali ( PH-PKR→ PN-PPBM)
- Dr. Maszlee Malik ( PH-PPBM→Independent→ PH-PKR)
- Datuk Seri Utama Karpal Singh ( DAP)
- Tan Sri Mohamed bin Rahmat ( BN-UMNO)
- Maria Chin Abdullah ( PH-PKR)
- Tan Sri Dato' Seri Utama Dr. Rais bin Yatim ( BN-UMNO)
- Dato' Dr. Ibrahim Ali ( BN-UMNO→S46→ BN-UMNO→Independent→ PAS→Independent)[12]
- Tun Samy Vellu s/o Sangalimuthu ( BN-MIC)
- Dato' Seri Najib Abdul Razak ( BN-UMNO)
- Lim Kit Siang ( DAP)
- Nurul Izzah Anwar ( PH-PKR)
- Dato' Seri Ahmad Faizal bin Azumu ( PH-PPBM→ PN-PPBM)
- Kua Kia Soong ( DAP)
List of Opposition Leaders
- Dato' Seri Dr. Burhanuddin al-Helmy (1957-64, PAS)
- Tan Sri Dato' Tan Chee Khoon (1964-69, Labour Party/GERAKAN)
- (Position vacant between 1969-1971 due to suspension of Parliament following the 13 May Riots in 1969)
- Tan Sri Dato' Sri Paduka Raja Dato' Haji Mohd Asri bin Haji Muda (1971-1973, PAS)
- Lim Kit Siang (1973-74; 1975-99; 2004-08, DAP)
- Datuk Amar James Wong Kim Min (1974, SNAP)
- Dato Sri Edmund Langgu anak Saga (1974-75, SNAP)
- Dato' Ustaz Haji Fadzil bin Muhammad Noor (1999-2002, PAS)
- Tan Sri Dato' Seri Tuan Guru Abdul Hadi Awang (2002-04, PAS)
- Dato' Seri Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (2008; 2015-18, PKR)
- Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim (2008-15; 2020-22, PKR)
- Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (2018-19, BN-UMNO)
- Dato' Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob (2019-20, BN-UMNO)
- Datuk Seri Hamzah Zainudin (2022-, PN-PPBM)
Menteri Besar/Chief Ministers (WIP)
Perlis
- Dato' Seri Dr. Shahidan Kassim (1995-2008, BN-UMNO)
Kedah
- Dato' Seri Utama Mukhriz Mahathir (2013-2016, BN-UMNO; 2018-2020, PH-PPBM)
- Dato' Seri Haji Muhammad Sanusi bin Md Nor (2020-present, PN-PAS)
Penang
- Tan Sri Wong Pow Nee (1957-1969, Perikatan-MCA)
- Tun Dr. Lim Chong Eu (1969-1990, GERAKAN→ BN-GERAKAN)
- Tan Sri Dr. Koh Tsu Koon (1990-2008, BN-GERAKAN)
- Joseph Lim Guan Eng (2008-2018, DAP)
- Chow Kon Yeo (2018-present, PH-DAP)
Perak
- Dato' Panglima Bukit Gantang (Abdul Wahab Toh Muda Abdul Aziz) (1948-1957, UMNO/Independent/National Association of Perak)
- Dato' Seri Ir. Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin (2008-2009, PAS)
- Dato' Seri DiRaja Dr. Zambry Abdul Kadir (2009-2018, BN-UMNO)
- Dato' Seri Ahmad Faizal bin Azumu (2018-2020, PH-PPBM; 2020, PN-PPBM)
- Dato' Seri Saarani Mohamad (2020-present, BN-UMNO)
Selangor
- Raja Tun Uda Al-Haj bin Raja Muhammad (1949-1953; 1954-1955, Independent)
- Dr. Mohamad Khir Bin Toyo (2000-2008, BN-UMNO)
- Tan Sri Dato' Seri Abdul Khalid bin Ibrahim (2008-2014, PKR)
- Dato' Seri Mohamed Azmin Ali (2014-2018, PKR)
Negeri Sembilan
- Tan Sri Dato' Seri Utama Dr. Rais bin Yatim (1978-1982, BN-UMNO)
- Dato' Seri Utama Haji Mohamad bin Haji Hasan (2004-2018, BN-UMNO)
Melaka
Johor
- Dato' Jaafar bin Haji Muhammad (1886-1919, Independent)
- Dato' Onn Jaafar (1947-1950, UMNO)
- Tan Sri Mahiaddin Yassin (1986-1995, BN-UMNO)
- Onn Hafiz Ghazi (2022-present, BN-UMNO)
Kelantan
- Tuan Guru Dato' Bentara Setia Dato' Haji Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat (1990-2013, PAS)
- Dato' Bentara Kanan Haji Ahmad Yakob (2013-present, PAS→ PN-PAS)
Terengganu
- Tan Sri Dato' Seri Tuan Guru Abdul Hadi Awang (1999-2004, PAS)
- Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar (2018-present, PAS→ PN-PAS)
Pahang
- Tun Abdul Razak Hussein (1955, Perikatan-UMNO)
- Dato' Seri Najib Abdul Razak (1982-1986, BN-UMNO)
- Dato' Sri Haji Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail (2018-present, BN-UMNO)
Sarawak
- Tun Pehin Sri Haji Abdul Taib Mahmud ( BN-PBB, 1981-2014)
- Tan Sri Datuk Patinggi Abang Haji Abdul Rahman Zohari bin Tun Abang Haji Openg ( BN/ GPS-PBB, 2017-present)
Sabah
Notes and References
*Denotes non-registered parties
- ↑ The Party was led by Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman, who is considered to be a potential successor of Mahathir Mohamad but chooses to split from PPBM after the Sheraton Move. Upon admission of Datin Dian Lee, daughter of tycoon Tan Sri Lee Kim Yew (one of Mahathir's close friends) into the party, journalists link the party with the said tycoon and Mahathir, however, the party members officially deny these connections.
- ↑ Known as the "Grand Old Party" of Malaysia, as most Malaysian political parties (PAS, PKR, PPBM) had origins from UMNO. However due to internal conflicts within the party, the original UMNO has been banned in 1988 by court order. The current UMNO was then registered as UMNO 'baru' at the same year.
- ↑ Student movements in Malaysia are mostly consisting of left-wing nationalists and populists, which traced its roots in the 1930s and reached its prominence since 1967. After the controversial amendment on the Universities and College Universities act in 1975 which curbs students' freedom and rights and also draconian in nature, student movements in Malaysia were declining until its re-emergence in the late 1990s due to the Reformasi movement.
- ↑ Prior to the Baling protests, the Communists under the disguise of "Young Socialists" had infiltrated the University of Malaya Chinese Language Society (UMCLS) in 1971 and communist links to the UMCLS was confirmed on Oct 14 1973 when security forces shot dead a communist terrorist near Tanah Hitam, Chemor in Perak and found a work report by a senior student underground movement leader to his superiors on the activities conducted by the UMCLS. UMCLS manipulation of the University of Malaya Students Union (UMSU) led to the Baling protests (later evolved into riots) in 1974
- ↑ Despite Melaka being an Islamic sultanate, Sultan Abu Syahid Shah was a practising Hindu as he took a Hindu title represented a traditionalist reaction in Malacca against Islam, the new religion.
- ↑ Raja Kecil was the first sultan of the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura and claimed to be the illegitimate son of Sultan Mahmud Shah II
- ↑ Sultan Ali Shah was installed as Sultan of Terengganu by the Japanese Military Administration instead via the Dewan Pangkuan Diraja (Privy Council) which is against the Undang-undang Bagi Diri Kerajaan Terengganu, the state constitution, which he was later recognized by Plaek Phibulsongkram as Sultan of Terengganu during the Thai occupation of Terengganu. After WW2, he was forced to abdicate after his enthronement as Sultan of Terengganu was unconstitutional due to aforementioned reason.
- ↑ Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II did not reign between 1821-1842 due to Siamese Invasion of Kedah which ended with Siamese victory
- ↑ Currently the only Yang Di-Pertuan Agong to serve two terms in rotation system
- ↑ Nicknamed "Nobita" (from a Japanese manga series Doraemon) by then opposition Barisan Nasional in Parliamentary session due to his resemblance in hairstyle and glasses.
- ↑ Bung Mokhtar was corrupt, apart from his controversial remarks which inlude [praising Hitler https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28227713], sexist remarks and vulgarity in Parliament
- ↑ Due to Ibrahim Ali's frequent party-hopping during his tenure as Parliamentary member, he was later known as the "King of Frogs" (Raja Katak) by opponents
Notes
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