Political Parties
Parliamentary
Government
- Barisan Nasional (National Front)
- Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu (United Malays National Organisation)[1]
- 马来西亚华人公会 (Malaysian Chinese Association)
- 马来西亚华人公会 (Malaysian Chinese Association) (Historical)
- மலேசிய இந்திய காங்கிரஸ் (Malaysian Indian Congress)
- மலேசிய இந்திய காங்கிரஸ் (Malaysian Indian Congress) (Historical)
- Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (United Sabah People's Party)
Opposition
- Pakatan Harapan (Alliance of Hope)
- Parti Pejuang Tanah Air (Homeland Fighters' Party)
- Ikatan Demokratik Malaysia (Malaysian United Democratic Alliance)
- Parti Warisan Sabah (Sabah Heritage Party)
- Parti Sarawak Bersatu (United Sarawak Party)
Extraparliamentary
- Friends of Barisan Nasional
- Parti Cinta Malaysia (Love Malaysia Party)
- மலேசிய இந்திய முஸ்லிம் காங்கிரஸ் (Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress)
- அகில மலேசிய இந்தியர் முன்னேற்ற முன்னனி (All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front)
- மலேசியா மக்கள் சக்தி கட்சி (Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party)
- மலேசிய இந்திய ஐக்கிய கட்சி (Malaysian Indian United Party)
- Parti Kuasa Rakyat (People's Power Party)*
- Parti Tindakan Hak Minoriti (Minority Rights Action Party) (Will be merged to KUASA)
- ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪਾਰਟੀ ਮਲੇਸ਼ੀਆ (Malaysian Punjabi Party)
- Pakatan Harapan Plus (PH+)
- GASAK
- මැලේසියානු ලංකා කොන්ග්රසය (Malaysian Ceylonese Congress)
- ڤرتي بوميڤوترا ڤركاس مليسيا (Malaysia Mighty Bumiputera Party)
- Parti Bumi Kenyalang (Land of the Hornbills Party)
- Parti Hijau Malaysia (Green Party of Malaysia)
- Parti Ikatan Bangsa Malaysia (Malaysia National Alliance Party)
- Parti Cinta Sabah (Love Sabah Party)
- Parti Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu (Baru) (United Sabah National Organisation (New))
- Parti Aspirasi Sains Malaysia (Malaysian Science Aspiration Party)*
Previously Represented in Dewan Rakyat
De jure they still exist, but de facto they're irrelevant and everyone has already forgot (or at least a few of them remembered) about them.
- Parti Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Party)
- Parti Sosialis Malaysia (Socialist Party of Malaysia)
- Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front) (Currently an allied party of PN+)
- Parti Progresif Sabah (Sabah Progressive Party) (Currently a member party of Perikatan Nasional)
- Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Movement Party) (Currently a member party of Perikatan Nasional)
- Parti Liberal Demokratik (Liberal Democratic Party) (Currently an allied party of PN+)
Historical
- 馬來亞共產黨 (Malayan Communist Party) (1930 - 1989)
- Kesatuan Melayu Muda (Young Malays Union) (1938 - 1945)
- Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (Malay Nationalist Party) (1945 - 1948)
- Parti Orang Muslimin Malaya/Hizbul Muslimin (Muslim People's Party of Malaya) (1948)
- Parti Buruh Malaya (Labour Party of Malaya) (1952-1978)
- Malaysian People's Progressive Party (1953-2019)
- Parti Negara (National Party) (1954-1962)
- Parti Perikatan (Alliance Party) (1955-1972)
- Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (Spirit of 46 Malay Party) (1989-1996)
Malayan Union (1946-1948)
During the Malayan Union years, most left-wing socialist parties (including civic nationalist factions) were in favour of the establishment of the Malayan Union, while right-wing ethnic nationalists and monarchists were against the formation of Malayan Union, due to the methods Sir Harold MacMichael used to acquire the Sultans' approval and the implementation of jus soli citizenship.
In Favour:
- Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya
- Angkatan Wanita Sedar
- Angkatan Pemuda Insaf
- Barisan Tani Malaya
- Malayan Communist Party
- Malayan Democratic Union
Against:
Federation of Malaya (1948-1963)
Think Tanks
- Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs
- Invoke Malaysia
- Yayasan Kepimpinan Perdana (Perdana Leadership Foundation)
- Malaysia Alliance of Civil Society Organisations in the UPR Process
- International Women’s Alliance for Family Institution and Quality Education (WAFIQ)
- Centre for Human Rights Research and Advocacy
- Socio-Economic Development And Research Institute
Social and Political Movements
Ongoing
- Reformasi (1998-present)
- Teh Tarik Alliance (2020-present)
Historical
- Naning Conflict (1831-1832)
- Mat Salleh Rebellion (1894-1905)
- Kelantan Rebellion (1915)
- Terengganu Insurgency (1922-1928)
- Anti-Malayan Union protests (1946-1947)
- Anti-cession movement of Sarawak (1946-1950)
- Anti-Indonesia infiltration demonstrations
- Student Movements in Malaysia (1967-1974)[2]
- Baling Protests (1974)[3]
- BERSIH protests (2007-2016)
- Anti-ICERD Rally (2018)
- #Lawan Protests (2021)
Sultans and Monarchs
Only the most significant sultans are included, and bold indicates the monarch held the title Yang Di-Pertuan Agong.
List of Sultans of the Melaka Sultanate
Singapura-Melaka Dynasty
- Parameswara (1402-1414)
- Sultan Muhammad Shah (1424-1444)
- Sultan Abu Syahid Shah (Raja Sri Parameswara Dewa Shah) (1444-1446)[4]
- Sultan Muzaffar Shah (1446-1459)
- Sultan Mansur Shah (1459-1477)
- Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah (1477-1488)
- Sultan Mahmud Shah (1488-1511, 1513-1524)
- Sultan Ahmad Shah (1511-1513)
List of Sultans of the Perak Sultanate
Melaka-Perak Dynasty
- Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah I (1402-1414)
Siak Dynasty
- Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II (1874-1877)
- Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah (1984-2014)
List of Sultans of the Johor Sultanate
Melaka-Johor Dynasty
- Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II (1528-1564)
- Sultan Mahmud Shah II (1685-1699)
- Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah (1718-1722) (Self-proclaimed, disputed)[5]
Bendahara Dynasty
- Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV
- Sultan Mahmud Shah III (1770-1811)
Temmengong Dynasty
- Sultan Sir Abu Bakar Al-Khalil (1868-1896)
- Sultan Sir Ibrahim Al-Masyhur (1896-1959)
- Sultan Iskandar Al-Mutawakkil Alallah (1981-2010)
- Sultan Ibrahim Ismail (2010-present)
List of Sultans of the Terengganu Sultanate
Bendahara Dynasty
- Sultan Haji Zainal Abidin III Mu’azzam Shah (1881-1918)
- Sultan Ali Shah (1942-1945)[6]
- Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah (1945-1979)
- Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin (1999-present)
List of Sultans of the Pahang Sultanate
Melaka-Pahang Dynasty
Bendahara Dynasty
- Sultan Ahmad Shah (1980-2020)
- Sultan Abdullah (2020-present)
List of Sultans of the Kelantan Sultanate
Iskandar Dynasty
- Sultan Iskandar Shah (?-1465)
- Che Siti Wan Kembang (1610-1667)
Jembal Dynasty
Long Yunus Dynasty
- Sultan Muhammad V
- Sultan Muhammad IV
- Sultan Yahya Petra
- Sultan Ismail Petra
- Sultan Muhammad V (2010-present)
List of Rajas of Perlis
Jamalullail Dynasty
List of Sultans of Kedah Sultanate
Mahawangsa Dynasty
- Sultan Mudzafar Shah, Phra Ong Mahawangsa (1136-1179)
- Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II (1803-1821, 1842-1845)[7]
- Sultan Sir Abdul Hamid Halim Shah (1881-1943)
- Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (1958-2017)[8]
List of Yamtuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan
Pagar Ruyung Dynasty
List of Sultans of Selangor Sultanate
Opu Daeng Celak Dynasty
Head of Government
Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya
No | Name | Term of Office | Political Affilation | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj | 1955-1957 | UMNO, Parti Perikatan | Position abolished following independence of Federation of Malaya |
List of Prime Ministers
No | Name | Term of Office | Political Affilation | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj | 1957-1970 | UMNO, | Position established. |
2 | Tun Abdul Razak Hussein | 1970-1976 | UMNO, | Former Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein was a Social Democrat as he was once a member of the British Labour Party during his studies in the UK. Died in office. |
3 | Tun Hussein Onn | 1976-1981 | UMNO, | |
4 | Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad | 1981-2003 | Currently the only prime minister who served two terms in two different political affilations. | |
2018-2020 | PPBM, | |||
5 | Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | 2003-2009 | UMNO, | |
6 | Dato' Seri Najib Abdul Razak | 2009-2018 | ||
7 | Tan Sri Mahiaddin Yassin | 2020-2021 | PPBM, | |
8 | Dato' Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob | 2021-present | UMNO, | Incumbent |
List of Acting Prime Ministers
Note: This list does not include interim or caretaker prime ministers.
No | Name | Term of Office | Political Affilation | Incumbent Prime Minister |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tun Abdul Razak Hussein | 1959 | UMNO, | Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj |
2 | Tun Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman | 1970 | Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj/ | |
3 | Tun V.T. Sambanthan | 1973 | MIC, | Tun Abdul Razak Hussein |
4 | Tun Dr. Ling Liong Sik | 1988 | MCA, | Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad |
5 | Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim | 1997 | UMNO, |
List of Deputy Prime Ministers
Dewan Negara (WIP)
Current
- Tengku Zafrul Aziz ( BN-UMNO)
- Tan Sri Dato' Seri Utama Dr. Rais bin Yatim ( PN-PPBM)
- Wan Ahmad Fayhsal Wan Ahmad Kamal ( PN-PPBM)
- Nicole Wong Siaw Ting ( BN-MCA)
- Dominic Lau Hoe Chai ( PN-GERAKAN)
- Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri (Independent)
Former
- Sambanthan Manickam ( Friends of BN-AIMPF)
- Isa Ab. Hamid ( PN-PPBM)
- Manolan Mohamad ( PH-PKR)
Dewan Rakyat (WIP)
Current
- Datuk Seri Rina Harun ( PN-PPBM, Titiwangsa)
- Tan Sri Dato' Seri Tuan Guru Abdul Hadi Awang ( PN-PAS, Marang)
- Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman ( MUDA, Muar)
- Tan Sri Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah ( BN-UMNO, Gua Musang)
- Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad ( PEJUANG, Langkawi)
- Dato' Seri Utama Mukhriz Mahathir ( PEJUANG, Jerlun)
- David Nga Kor Ming ( PH-DAP, Teluk Intan)
- Wong Tack ( PH-DAP, Bentong)
- Joseph Lim Guan Eng ( PH-DAP, Bagan)
- Chow Kon Yeo ( PH-DAP, Tanjong)
- Mujahid Yusof Rawa ( PH-AMANAH, Parit Buntar)
- Dato' Seri Mohamed Azmin Ali ( PN-PPBM, Gombak)
- Kasthuriraani Patto ( PH-DAP, Batu Kawan)
- Dato' Noor Azmi Ghazali ( PN-PPBM, Bagan Serai)
- Datuk Hajah Zuraida Kamaruddin ( PN-PPBM, Ampang)
- Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi ( BN-UMNO, Bagan Datuk)
- Dato' Ramli Mohd Nor ( BN-UMNO, Cameron Highlands)
- Maria Chin Abdullah ( PH-PKR, Petaling Jaya)
- Dato' Seri Najib Abdul Razak ( BN-UMNO, Pekan)
- Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan ( PH-DAP)
- Tan Sri Mahiaddin Yassin ( PN-PPBM, Pagoh)
- Khairy Jamaluddin ( BN-UMNO, Rembau)
- Datuk Arthur Joseph Kurup ( BN-PBRS, Pensiangan)
- Dato' Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob ( BN-UMNO, Bera)
- Anthony Loke Siew Fook ( PH-DAP, Seremban)
- Lim Kit Siang ( PH-DAP, Iskandar Puteri)
- Teresa Kok Suh Sim ( PH-DAP, Seputeh)
- Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji ( PH-DAP, Raub)
- Datuk Seri Ir. Dr. Wee Ka Siong ( BN-MCA, Ayer Hitam)
- Dato' Seri Wan Azizah Wan Ismail ( PH-PKR, Pandan)
- Dr. Maszlee Malik ( PH-PKR, Simpang Renggam)
- Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim ( PH-PKR, Port Dickson)
- Nurul Izzah Anwar ( PH-PKR, Permatang Pauh)
- Dato' Seri Ahmad Faizal bin Azumu ( PN-PPBM, Tambun)
- Datuk Seri Panglima Bung Moktar Radin ( BN-UMNO, Kinabatangan)
Former
- Datuk Seri Utama Karpal Singh ( DAP)
- Tan Sri Mohamed bin Rahmat ( BN-UMNO)
- Tan Sri Dato' Seri Utama Dr. Rais bin Yatim ( BN-UMNO)
List of Opposition Leaders
- Dato' Seri Dr. Burhanuddin al-Helmy (1957-64, PAS)
- Tan Sri Dato' Tan Chee Khoon (1964-69, Labour Party/GERAKAN)
- (Position vacant between 1969-1971 due to suspension of Parliament following the 13 May Riots in 1969)
- Tan Sri Dato' Sri Paduka Raja Dato' Haji Mohd Asri bin Haji Muda (1971-1973, PAS)
- Lim Kit Siang (1973-74; 1975-99; 2004-08, DAP)
- Datuk Amar James Wong Kim Min (1974, SNAP)
- Dato Sri Edmund Langgu anak Saga (1974-75, SNAP)
- Dato' Ustaz Haji Fadzil bin Muhammad Noor (1999-2002, PAS)
- Tan Sri Dato' Seri Tuan Guru Abdul Hadi Awang (2002-04, PAS)
- Dato' Seri Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (2008; 2015-18, PKR)
- Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim (2008-15; 2020-present, PKR)
- Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (2018-19, BN-UMNO)
- Dato' Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob (2019-20, BN-UMNO)
Menteri Besar/Chief Ministers (WIP)
Perlis
Kedah
- Dato' Seri Utama Mukhriz Mahathir (2013-2016, BN-UMNO; 2018-2020, PH-PPBM)
- Dato' Seri Haji Muhammad Sanusi bin Md Nor (2020-present, PN-PAS)
Penang
- Tan Sri Wong Pow Nee (1957-1969, Perikatan-MCA)
- Tun Dr. Lim Chong Eu (1969-1990, BN-GERAKAN)
- Tan Sri Dr. Koh Tsu Koon (1990-2008, BN-GERAKAN)
- Joseph Lim Guan Eng (2008-2018, DAP)
- Chow Kon Yeo (2018-present, PH-DAP)
Perak
- Dato' Panglima Bukit Gantang (Abdul Wahab Toh Muda Abdul Aziz) (1948-1957, UMNO/Independent/National Association of Perak)
- Dato' Seri Ir. Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin (2008-2009, PAS)
- Dato' Seri DiRaja Dr. Zambry Abdul Kadir (2009-2018, BN-UMNO)
- Dato' Seri Ahmad Faizal bin Azumu (2018-2020, PH-PPBM; 2020, PN-PPBM)
- Dato' Seri Saarani Mohamad (2020-present, BN-UMNO)
Selangor
- Raja Tun Uda Al-Haj bin Raja Muhammad (1949-1953; 1954-1955, Independent)
- Dr. Mohamad Khir Bin Toyo (2000-2008, BN-UMNO)
- Dato' Seri Mohamed Azmin Ali (2014-2018, PKR)
Negeri Sembilan
- Tan Sri Dato' Seri Utama Dr. Rais bin Yatim (1978-1982, BN-UMNO)
Melaka
Johor
- Dato' Jaafar bin Haji Muhammad (1886-1919, Independent)
- Dato' Onn Jaafar (1947-1950, UMNO)
- Tan Sri Mahiaddin Yassin (1986-1995, BN-UMNO)
- Onn Hafiz Ghazi (2022-present, BN-UMNO)
Kelantan
- Tuan Guru Dato' Bentara Setia Dato' Haji Nik Abdul Aziz bin Nik Mat (1990-2013, PAS)
Terengganu
- Tan Sri Dato' Seri Tuan Guru Abdul Hadi Awang (1999-2004, PAS)
Pahang
- Tun Abdul Razak Hussein (1955, Perikatan-UMNO)
- Dato' Seri Najib Abdul Razak (1982-1986, BN-UMNO)
Sarawak
- Tan Sri Datuk Patinggi Abang Haji Abdul Rahman Zohari bin Tun Abang Haji Openg ( BN/ GPS-PBB, 2017-present, Sarawak)
Sabah
References
*Denotes non-registered parties
- ↑ Known as the "Grand Old Party" of Malaysia, as most Malaysian political parties (PAS, PKR, PPBM) had origins from UMNO. However due to internal conflicts within the party, the original UMNO has been banned in 1988 by court order. The current UMNO was then registered as UMNO 'baru' at the same year.
- ↑ Student movements in Malaysia are mostly consisting of left-wing nationalists and populists, which traced its roots in the 1930s and reached its prominence since 1967. After the controversial amendment on the Universities and College Universities act in 1975 which curbs students' freedom and rights and also draconian in nature, student movements in Malaysia were declining until its re-emergence in the late 1990s due to the Reformasi movement.
- ↑ Prior to the Baling protests, the Communists under the disguise of "Young Socialists" had infiltrated the University of Malaya Chinese Language Society (UMCLS) in 1971 and communist links to the UMCLS was confirmed on Oct 14 1973 when security forces shot dead a communist terrorist near Tanah Hitam, Chemor in Perak and found a work report by a senior student underground movement leader to his superiors on the activities conducted by the UMCLS. UMCLS manipulation of the University of Malaya Students Union (UMSU) led to the Baling protests (later evolved into riots) in 1974
- ↑ Despite Melaka being an Islamic sultanate, Sultan Abu Syahid Shah was a practising Hindu as he took a Hindu title represented a traditionalist reaction in Malacca against Islam, the new religion.
- ↑ Raja Kecil was the first sultan of the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura and claimed to be the illegitimate son of Sultan Mahmud Shah II
- ↑ Sultan Ali Shah was installed as Sultan of Terengganu by Japanese Military Administration instead via the Dewan Pangkuan Diraja (Privy Council), which he was later recognised by Plaek Phibulsongkram as Sultan of Terengganu during the Thai occupation of Terengganu
- ↑ Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II did not reign between 1821-1842 due to Siamese Invasion of Kedah which ended with Siamese victory
- ↑ Currently the only Yang Di-Pertuan Agong to serve two terms in rotation system
Notes
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