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Revision as of 11:44, 4 March 2023 by imported>Mirzafetaliahundov (Adam Smith editted https://engelsbergideas.com/essays/adam-smith-the-first-anti-capitalist/)

Classical Liberalism is an economically Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination center-right to far-right, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination mildly to moderately libertarian, and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination culturally variable ideology.

He was conceived some time in the early 18th century as a child of the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Enlightenment. He used to believe that people had an inherent right to their "Life, Liberty and Property" though he later amended that to "Life, Liberty and The Pursuit of Happiness".

Classical Liberalism hatched the idea, partly inspired by the French Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Physiocrats and their concept of laissez-faire, that individual freedom and a free market would result in a balanced economical equilibrium - as long as monopolies were not allowed to develop and destroy competitiveness. He viewed free trade as a path to universal peace and prosperity. He also often strongly opposed landed aristocracy, struggling against Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Monarchist and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Reactionary tendencies.

ClassLib is considered the original inspiration for most of the Lib-Right ideologies, including Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Capitalism, even though the modern concept of capitalism isn't necessarily entirely free market and free trade focused compared with the original Classical Liberalism; since monopoly and market power isn't vigorously kept in check, the state provides benefits to multiple specific corporations, and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Protectionism sometimes sneaks in when it's in the interest of powerful political and economical actors - revealing the connection to ClassLib's old enemy Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Mercantilism.

Some time in the early 20th century ClassLib became the father of Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Liberalism, who managed to then make the Liberal Dynasty into what it is today; with his other offspring, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Libertarianism and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination National Liberalism taking on more fringe positions.

History

Origins

Historically the philosophy of classical liberalism has a set of factors which have contributed to its creation and development; the most prominent of these factors include the individualistic attitudes and beliefs of especially the protestant Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Christian faith, opposition to Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination authoritarian social contract theories which put the state or law as the source of ethics as opposed to the other way around, as well as the rise of international trade and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination industrialisation.

The foundation of classical liberal philosophy is generally attributed to the English philosopher Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination John Locke[3] and his "Two Treatises of Government" (1689) - while the arguably equally important and intrinsically linked classical economy is based on Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Adam Smith's "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776).

Throughout the history of liberal thought, there's been competing branches, ranging from what could be called Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination "traditionalism" Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination to Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination "radicalism" Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination. Thinkers such as John Locke and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination David Hume may be considered relatively traditionalist, while thinkers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Paine were much more radical in their concepts of liberty. Even Adam Smith may be considered relatively radical in his approach to certain things such as aristocracy and monopoly power, perceiving that markets could fail if natural monopolies were allowed to form.

Development and decline

The United States Constitution was firmly cemented in a liberal philosophy, and the later 19th century success of liberal policies, free trade, etc. in Western Europe and the United States contributed to a massive growth in productivity and exchange.

Later thinkers such as Jeremy Bentham and J.S. Mill would introduce a utilitarian liberal approach which could be considered a part of a more left-wing branch, at least relatively, being also concerned with inequality resulting from the failures of markets in certain situations. This would eventually give rise to Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Social Liberalism.

Towards the 20th century, there was still a marked division within the liberal ideology, and political radicals such as David Lloyd George in the UK were at odds with more traditionalist liberals as he passed the People's Budget which provided hitherto unprecedented welfare and sought to impose taxes on the wealthy, especially the landed aristocracy.

In the UK, the liberals would eventually be marginalised by the increasingly dominant dichotomy between Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Socialism and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Capitalism, with the Conservative Party taking on the mantle of Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Paternalistic Conservatism and the newly formed Labour Party wanting to drive social reforms even further than the Liberal Party.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Modern Liberalism and its meaning

In the US previous to the 1930s election, Democrats, such as Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Grover Cleveland, were Classical Liberals, thus the party was associated to (Classical) Liberalism and its members were regarded as Liberals. Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Franklin D. Roosevelt, however, despite representing a huge shift from this ideology, kept on identifying along with his followers as a "Liberal". That's why in The US, liberalism is more often used to refer to Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Social Liberalism, while in other parts of the world liberalism kept a meaning closer to the original one of Classical Liberalism (though in Europe especially, political parties espousing the term "Liberal" are oftentimes mostly a mixed bag of Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Neoliberal, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Neoconservative, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Liberal Conservative and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Social Liberalism).

Classical Liberalism and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Libertarianism

Those who, in the US, used to identify as Liberals in the broader sense had to start calling themselves Classical Liberals, or Liberals in the Classical tradition, and later in the 40s they started using the term "Libertarianism" to refer to themselves, appropriating the term from Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Libertarian Socialists, to be differentiated from the Democratic party adherents; and with the passing of time and the radicalization of ideas, the meaning of the term Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Libertarianism shifted from a synonym of Classical Liberalism to a more modern version of it, and usually more radical, but sometimes the terms are still used interchangeably, such as Milton Friedman who described himself sometimes as a Classical Liberal and sometimes as a Libertarian.

Some modern Libertarian anti-statists have started to (re)appropriate the term in order to make their vision of a society based purely on Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination property rights and the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination free market more legitimate, but some say that it bears little resemblance with the views of the original founders of Liberalism, who were far from being Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Anarcho-Capitalists, proposing instead something close to a Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination night-watchmen state.
However some Anarcho-Capitalists argue that during the 20th century one can identify a distinct Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination radical wing within the Classical Liberal movement, referring to Classical Liberals such as Gustave de Molinari, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Herbert Spencer and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Auberon Herbert, thus calling themselves Classical Liberals (or rather Radical Classical Liberals) wouldn't be as far from the original meaning as it might seem at first.

Variants

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Adam Smith Thought Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Adam Smith was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment. Also seen as "The Father of Economics" or "The Father of Capitalism", he wrote two classic works, The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, often abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work that treats economics as a comprehensive system and as an academic discipline. Smith refuses to explain the distribution of wealth and power in terms of God’s will and instead appeals to natural, political, social, economic and technological factors and the interactions between them. In his work, Smith introduced, among others, his theory of absolute advantage. The Wealth of Nations was a precursor to the modern academic discipline of economics. In this and other works, Smith expounded how rational self-interest and competition can lead to economic prosperity. Smith was controversial in his own day and his general approach and writing style were often satirised by Tory writers in the moralising tradition of Hogarth and Swift, as a discussion at the University of Winchester suggests. In 2005, The Wealth of Nations was named among the 100 Best Scottish Books of all time. In light of the arguments put forward by Smith and other economic theorists in Britain, academic belief in mercantilism began to decline in Britain in the late 18th century. During the Industrial Revolution, Britain embraced free trade and Smith's laissez-faire economics, and via the British Empire, used its power to spread a broadly liberal economic model around the world, characterised by open markets, and relatively barrier-free domestic and international trade. Smith has been commemorated in the UK on banknotes printed by two different banks; his portrait has appeared since 1981 on the £50 notes issued by the Clydesdale Bank in Scotland ,and in March 2007 Smith's image also appeared on the new series of £20 notes issued by the Bank of England, making him the first Scotsman to feature on an English banknote. But some people think he was Anti-Capitalist.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Bourbon Democratism

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination FDPism

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Maderism

Maderism is a political movement based on the ideology of Francisco I. Madero who seeked the resignation of the then President of Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Mexico Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Porfirio Díaz. As a member of the upper-class Madero was able to acknowledge the systemic problems around Díaz's technocratic government. As a classical liberal from his time and taking inspiration from previous figures like Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Benito Juarez he valued the political participation of the citizens from all sectors of society, freedom of speech and assembly, restitution of land and the adoption of a liberal economy that would allow the population to participate without restrictions from Porfirian aristocracy.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Pensamiento Benito Juarez

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Washingtonism

Washingtonism is based on the political ideology of the first President of the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Untied States, George Washington. Despite being elected unanimously, Washington was not a very deep political thinker. He considered himself to be a farmer and a soldier rather than a politician. As such he took a moderate approach to his position as President and surrounded himself with the brightest minds in America including Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Thomas Jefferson and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Alexander Hamilton. While Washington valued the input from both men, he more often sided with Alexander Hamilton, particularly on economic and foreign policy issues. Above all Washington's main goal as president was to unite the thirteen colonies under the new federal government and prevent fractioning over geographic or political lines.

Personality

  • Sleepy & old
  • Slight Scottish accent
  • Likes to talk about the benefits of freedom and his correlation with knowledge and wealth
  • Act as a gentleman

How to Draw

Flag of Classical Liberalism
  1. Draw a ball with Eyes
  2. Draw a tricolour of Dark Blue, Gold and White.
  3. (Optional) draw a renaissance wig.

You're finished

Original: Flag of Classical Liberalism : vexillology

Color Name HEX RGB
White #FFFFFF 255, 255, 255
Yellow #FFDB28 255, 219, 40
Dark Blue #39386E 57, 56, 110


Relationships

Fellow Freedomites

Tolerable Statists

Tyrants

Further Information

Literature

Note: List kept in rough chronological order.

20th century and after

Wikipedia

Videos

Online Communities

Websites

Gallery

Comics

Citations

  1. ↑ "On Power: The Natural History of its Growth", ch. 17, by Bertrand de Jouvenel
  2. ↑ Liberty or Equality by Erik von KuehneltLeddihn
  3. ↑ Steven M. Dworetz (1994). The Unvarnished Doctrine: Locke, Liberalism, and the American Revolution.

Navigation


pl:Liberalizm klasyczny

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