List of Political Parties and Societies
Mainland China 中国大陆
统一战线 (United Front)[1]
- 中国共产党 (Communist Party of China)
- 中国致公党 (Public Interest Party of China)
- 天地會 (Tiandihui) (1761-1949)
- 中国致公党 (Public Interest Party of China) (1925-1947)
- 中国农工民主党 (Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party)
- 中国民主同盟 (China Democratic League)
- 中国民主同盟 (China Democratic League) (1941-1947)
- 九三学社 (Nine-Three Academic Society)
- 中国民主建国会 (China National Democratic Construction Association)
- 中国民主促进会 (China Association for Promoting Democracy)
- 台湾民主自治同盟 (Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League)
- 中国国民党革命委员会 (Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang)
非法党派 (Illegal and banned political parties)
- 中国民主党 (Democracy Party of China)
- 中国新民党 (New Democracy Party of China)
- 中國泛藍聯盟 (Union of Chinese Nationalists)
- 中国毛泽东主义共产党 (Maoist Communist Party of China)
- 中国至宪党 (Chinese Constitutionalist Party)
- 中国社会民主党 (Social Democratic Party of China)
歷史上的 (Historical)
- 白蓮敎 (White Lotus) (13th century - 1945)
- 哥老會 (Gelaohui) (19th century - 1949)
- 義和拳 (Society of Righteous Harmonious Fists) (1898 - 1901)
- 興中會 (Revive China Society) (1894 - 1905)
- 保救大清皇帝公司 (Chinese Empire Reform Association) (1899 - 1911)
- 光復會 (Guangfuhui) (1904 - 1905)
- 中國同盟會 (Tongmenghui) (1905 - 1912)
- 統一黨 (Unity Party) (1912 - 1913)
- 共和黨 (Republican Party) (1912 - 1913)
- 民主黨 (Democratic Party) (1912 - 1913)
- 交通系 (Communications Clique) (1912 - 1928)
- 進步黨 (Progressive Party) (1913 - 1916)
- 中國革命黨 (Chinese Revolutionary Party) (1914 - 1919)
- 憲法研究集團 (Constitution Research Clique) (1916 - 1918)
- 憲法商榷会 (Constitution Discussions Clique) (1916 - 1918)
- 新通信團 (New Communications Clique) (1916 - 1919)
- 和平與幸福俱樂部 (Peace and Happiness Club) (1918 - 1920)
- 研究系 (Research Clique) (1918 - 1924)
- 中国共产主义同盟(Communist League of China(1931-1948)
- Ulusal Devrim Komitesi (Committee for National Revolution) (1932 – 1934)
- Genç Kaşgar Partisi (Young Kashgar Party) (1933 - 1934)
- Halk Anti-Emperyalist Derneği (People's Anti-Imperialist Association) (1935 - 1942)
- 北京工人自治联合会 (Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation) (1989)
- 反对动态清零政策运动/“白纸革命” (White-paper Revolution) (2022)
Hong Kong 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區
亲北京阵营 (Pro-Beijing camp)
- 民主建港協進聯盟 (Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong)
- 香港經濟民生聯盟 (Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong)
- 香港工會聯合會 (Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions)
- 自由黨 (Liberal Party)
- 新民黨 (New People's Party)
- 港九勞工社團聯會 (Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions)
- 新世紀論壇 (New Century Forum)
- 專業動力 (Professional Power)
- 香港新方向 (New Prospect for Hong Kong)
民主派 (Pro-democracy camp)
- 民主黨 (Democratic Party)
- 公民黨 (Civic Party)
- 工黨 (Labour Party)
- 人民力量 (People Power)
- 社會民主連線 (League of Social Democrats)
- 香港民主民生協進會 (Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood)
- 香港本土 (HK First)
- 街坊工友服務處 (Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre)
- 新民主同盟 (Neo Democrats)
- 公共專業聯盟 (Professional Commons)
親國民黨派 (Pro-KMT camp)
本土派 (Localist groups)
- 熱血公民 (Civic Passion)
- 屯門社區網絡 (Tuen Mun Community Network)
- 天水連線 (Tin Shui Wai Connection)
- 荃民議政 (Deliberation Tsuen Wan)
- 將軍澳青年力量 (Tseung Kwan O Pioneers)
- 東九龍社區關注組 (Kowloon East Community)
- 荃灣社區網絡 (Tsuen Wan Community Network)
Macau 中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區
親北京陣營 (Pro-Beijing camp)
- 澳門民聯協進會 (Macau United Citizens Association)
- 澳門發展新連盟 (New Macau Development Union)
- 澳粵同盟 (Macau-Guangdong Union)
- 改革創新聯盟 (Alliance for Change)
- 同心協進會 (Union for Development)
- 群力促進會 (Progress Promotion Union)
民主派 (Pro-democracy camp)
Manchukuo 滿洲國 (1932–1945)
- 滿洲國協和會 (Concordia Association) (1932 - 1945)
- Российская фашистская партия (Russian Fascist Party) (1931 - 1943)
- Бюро по делам русских эмигрантов в Маньчжурии (Bureau for Russian Emigrants in Manchuria) (1938 - 1942)
- מועצת יהודי המזרח הרחוק (Far Eastern Jewish Council) (1937 - 1945)
List of Leaders
Rulers of Ancient China
Note: The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe (共和) regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute as the dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors(三皇五帝) (c. 3162 BC-c. 2070 BC)
Note: These figures are considered to be legendary and its authenticity are regarded as disputed.
Title | Name by which most commonly known | Reign (according to tradition) | In Chinese |
---|---|---|---|
Huang1,4,5/Di3 | Youchao | 3162–2962 BC | 有巢 |
Huang/Di3 | Suiren | 2962–2852 BC | 燧人 |
Huang4/Di3 | Fuxi | 2852–2737 BC | 伏羲 |
Huang1/Di1 | Yan Emperor/Shennong | 2737–2698 BC | 炎帝 / 神農 |
Huang5/Di1,2 | Yellow Emperor | 2698–2598 BC | 黃帝 / 軒轅 |
Di2 | Shaohao | 2597–2514 BC | 少昊 |
Di1,2 | Zhuanxu | 2514–2436 BC | 顓頊 |
Di1 | Ku[2] | 2436–2366 BC | 帝嚳 |
Di1 | Zhi | 2366–2358 BC | 帝摯 |
Di1 | Yao (of Tang) | 2356–2255 BC | 帝堯 / 唐堯 |
Di1 | Shun (of Yu) | 2255–2208 BC | 帝舜 / 虞舜 |
1 — According to the Records of the Grand Historian (《史記》).
2 — According to the Chu Ci (《楚辭》).
3 — According to the Book of Rites (《禮記》).
4 — According to the Shangshu dazhuan (《尚書大傳》) and Baihu tongyi (《白虎通義》).
5 — According to the Diwang shiji (《帝王世紀》)
Xia(夏) (c. 2070 BC - c. 1600 BC)
- Yu the Great
- Qi
- Tai Kang
- Zhong Kang
- Xiang
- Shao Kang
- Zhu
- Huai
- Mang
- Xie
- Bu Jiang
- Jiong
- Jiong
- Kong Jia
- Gao
- Fa
- Jie
Shang(商)(c. 1600 - c. 1046 BC)
- Cheng Tang
- Da Ding
- Tai Jia
- Bu Bing
- Tai Geng
- Xiao Jia
- Tai Wu
- Yong Ji
- Zhong Ding
- Wai Ren
- He Dan Jia
- Zu Yi
- Zu Xin
- Wo Jia
- Zu Ding
- Nan Geng
- Yang Jia
- Pan Geng
- Xiao Xin
- Xiao Yi
- Wu Ding
- Zu Geng
- Zu Jia
- Lin Xin
- Geng Ding
- Wu Yi
- Wen Wu Ding
- Di Yi
- Zhou
Zhou(周)(c. 1046 - 256 BC)
Western Zhou (西周) (c. 1046 - 771 BC)
Eastern Zhou (東周} (c. 771 - 256 BC)
- Ping
- Huan
- Zhuang
- Xi
- Hui
- Xiang
- Qing
- Kuang
- Ding
- Jian
- Ling
- Jing
- Dao
- Jing
- Yuan
- Zhending
- Ai
- Si
- Kao
- Weilie
- An
- Lie
- Xian
- Shenjing
- Nan
- Hui
Emperors of Imperial China (WIP)
Qin(秦)(221 - 206)
Han(漢)(202 BC – 9 AD; 25 - 220 AD)
Western Han (西漢) (202 BC - 9 AD)
- Emperor Gaozu (Liu Bang)
- Emperor Hui (Liu Ying)
- Emperor Qianshao (Liu Gong)
- Emperor Houshao (Liu Hong)
- Emperor Wen (Liu Heng)
- Emperor Jing (Liu Qi)
- Emperor Wu (Liu Che)
- Emperor Zhao (Liu Fuling)
- Marquis of Haihun (Liu He)
- Emperor Xuan (Liu Xun)
- Emperor Yuan (Liu Shi)
- Emperor Cheng (Liu Ao)
- Emperor Ai (Liu Xin)
- Emperor Ping (Liu Jizi)
- Liu Ying the "Ruzi"
Eastern Han (東漢) (25 - 220 AD)
- Gengshi Emperor (Liu Xian)
- Emperor Guangwu (Liu Xiu)
- Emperor Ming (Liu Yang)
- Emperor Zhang (Liu Da)
- Emperor He (Liu Zhao)
- Emperor Shang (Liu Long)
- Emperor An (Liu Hu)
- Emperor Shao (Liu Yi)
- Emperor Shun (Liu Bao)
- Emperor Chong (Liu Bing)
- Emperor Zhi (Liu Zuan)
- Emperor Huan (Liu Zhu)
- Emperor Ling (Liu Hong)
- Emperor Shao (Liu Bian)
- Emperor Xian (Liu Xie)
Xin(新) (9 - 23 AD)
Cheng (成家) (25 - 36 AD)
Three Kingdoms(三國)(220 - 280)
Cao Wei(曹魏)(220 - 266)
- Emperor Wen (Cao Pi)
- Emperor Ming (Cao Rui)
- Prince of Qi (Cao Fang)
- Duke of Gaogui (Cao Mao)
- Emperor Yuan (Cao Huan)
Shu Han(蜀漢) (221 - 263)[3]
Eastern Wu(東吳)(222 - 280)
Jin(晉) (266 - 420)
Western Jin (西晉) (266 - 316)
Eastern Jin (東晉) (317 - 420)
- Emperor Yuan (Sima Rui)
- Emperor Ming (Sima Shao)
- Emperor Cheng (Sima Yan)
- Emperor Kang (Sima Yue)
- Emperor Mu (Sima Dan)
- Emperor Ai (Sima Pi)
- Emperor Fei (Sima Yi)
- Emperor Jianwen (Sima Yu)
- Emperor Xiaowu (Sima Yao)
- Emperor An (Sima Dezong)
- Emperor Gong (Sima Dewen)
Sixteen Kingdoms(十六國)(304 - 439)
Han Zhao (漢趙) (304 - 329)
Northern Han (北漢) (304 - 318)
Former Zhao (前趙) (318 - 329)
Cheng Han (成漢) (304 - 347)
Cheng (成) (304 - 338)
Han (漢) (338 - 347)
Later Zhao (後趙) (319 - 351)
Former Liang (前涼) (320 - 376)
- Prince Cheng (Zhang Mao)
- Prince Wen (Zhang Jun)
- Prince Huan (Zhang Chonghua)
- Duke Ai (Zhang Yaoling)
- Prince Wei (Zhang Zuo)
- Duke Jingdao/Prince Chong (Zhang Xuanjing)
- Duke Dao (Zhang Tianxi)
Former Yan (前燕) (337 - 370)
Former Qin (前秦) (351 - 394)
- Emperor Jingming (Fu Jiàn)
- Prince Li (Fu Sheng)
- Emperor Xuanzhao (Fu Jiān)
- Emperor Aiping (Fu Pi)
- Emperor Gao (Fu Deng)
- Fu Chong
Later Yan (後燕) (384 - 409)
- Emperor Wucheng (Murong Chui)
- Emperor Huimin (Murong Bao)
- Emperor Zhaowu (Murong Sheng)
- Emperor Zhaowen (Murong Xi)
Later Qin (後秦) (384 - 417)
Western Qin (西秦) (385 - 400, 409 - 431)
Later Liang (後涼) (386 - 403)
Southern Liang (南涼) (397 - 414)
Northern Liang (北涼) (397 - 439)
Southern Yan (南燕) (398 - 410)
Western Liang (西涼) (400 - 421)
Helian Xia (胡夏) (407 - 431)
Northern Yan (北燕) (407 - 436)
Northern and Southern Dynasties(南北朝)(420 - 589)
Northern Dynasties(北朝)(420 - 581)
Northern Wei (北魏)(386 - 534)
- Emperor Daowu (Tuoba Gui)
- Emperor Mingyuan (Tuoba Si)
- Emperor Taiwu (Tuoba Tao)
- Tuoba Yu
- Emperor Wencheng (Tuoba Jun)
- Emperor Xianwen (Tuoba Hong)
- Emperor Xiaowen (Tuoba Hong/Yuan Hong)
- Emperor Xuanwu (Tuoba Ke/Yuan Ke)
- Emperor Xiaoming (Yuan Xu)
- Yuan Zhao
- Emperor Xiaozhuang (Yuan Ziyou)
- Yuan Ye
- Emperor Jiemin (Yuan Gong)
- Yuan Lang
- Emperor Xiaowu (Yuan Xiu)
Eastern Wei (东魏) (534 - 550)
Western Wei (西魏) (535 - 557)
Northern Qi (北齐) (550 - 577)
- Emperor Wenxuan (Gao Yang)
- Emperor Fei (Gao Yin)
- Emperor Xiaozhao (Gao Yan)
- Emperor Wucheng (Gao Zhan)
- Gao Wei
- Gao Heng
Northern Zhou (北周) (557 - 581)
- Emperor Xiaomin (Yuwen Jue)
- Emperor Ming (Yuwen Yu)
- Emperor Wu (Yuwen Yong)
- Emperor Xuan (Yuwen Yu)
- Emperor Jing (Yuwen Yan/Yuwen Chan)
Southern Dynasties (420 - 589)
Liu Song (劉宋) (420 - 479)
Sui Dynasty(隋)
Tang Dynasty(唐)
Wuzhou Dynasty(武周)(690-705)
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms(五代十國)
Liao/Khitan Dynasty(遼/契丹)
Song Dynasty (宋)
- Emperor Zhenzong (Zhao Heng)
- Emperor Duzong of Southern Song (Zhao Qi)
- Emperor Bing of Southern Song (Zhao Bing)
Jin Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty (Khagan-Emperor of Mongol Empire)
Ming Dynasty(明)
Name by which most commonly known | Reign | Temple name
(廟號) |
Note |
---|---|---|---|
Emperor Taizu | 1368–1398 | 太祖 | |
Yongle Emperor | 1402–1424 | 成祖 / 太宗 | |
Emperor Yingzong | 1435–1449 and 1457–1464 | 英宗 | The only Emperor of Ming Dynasty that ruled twice due to being captured by the Mongols after a failed military campaign in 1449 (which he was granted the title Taishang Huang (太上皇) in between 1449-1457), under both era names Zhengtong (正統) and Tianshun (天順) |
Chenghua Emperor | 1464–1487 | 憲宗 | |
Hongzhi Emperor | 1487–1505 | 孝宗 | |
Chongzhen Emperor | 1627–1644 | 思宗 / 毅宗 | Died by suicide when Beijing fell |
Southern Ming Dynasty (南明)
The Southern Ming refers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662. The regime was established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan to establish the Kingdom of Tungking.
Name by which most commonly known | Reign | Temple name
(廟號) |
Note |
---|---|---|---|
Hongguang Emperor | 1644–1645 | 安宗 | Captured and executed by Qing forces |
Longwu Emperor | 1645–1646 | 紹宗 | |
Yongli Emperor | 1646–1662 | 昭宗 |
Qing Dynasty[4](清)
Name by which most commonly known | Reign | Temple name
(廟號) |
Note |
---|---|---|---|
Huang Taiji | 1636–1643 | 太宗 | |
Shunzhi Emperor | 1643–1661 | 世祖 | |
Kangxi Emperor | 1661–1722 | 聖祖 | |
Yongzheng Emperor | 1722–1735 | 世宗 | |
Qianlong Emperor | 1735–1796 | 高宗 | Abdicated and held the title Taishang Huang (太上皇) for three years until his death |
Jiaqing Emperor | 1796–1820 | 仁宗 | |
Daoguang Emperor | 1820–1850 | 宣宗 | |
Xianfeng Emperor | 1850–1861 | 文宗 | |
Tongzhi Emperor | 1861–1875 | 穆宗 | De facto rule by regency of Empress Dowager Cixi. Possibly died due to Syphilis or Smallpox |
Guangxu Emperor | 1875–1908 | 德宗 | De facto rule by regency of Empress Dowager Cixi. Poisoned to death by Empress Dowager Cixi |
Xuantong Emperor/Puyi | 1908–1912, 1917 | 恭宗 | De facto ruled in a brief time in 1917 after the Manchu Restoration |
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (太平天國)
Name by which most commonly known | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Hong Xiuquan | 1851-1864 | |
Hong Tianguifu | 1864 |
Empire of China (中華帝國) (1915-1916)
A short-lived attempt by statesman and general Yuan Shikai who attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1915, but his rule was universally accepted as inauthentic. After 83 days, his reign ended.
Name by which most commonly known | Reign | Era name | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Yuan Shikai | 1915-1916 | 洪憲 |
Notable Grand Chancellors(宰相)- WIP
Chancellors of Ancient China
- Guan Longfeng (???, Xia Dynasty)
- Yi Yin (???, Shang Dynasty)
Chancellors of Imperial China
- Cao Cao, King of Wei (208-220, Han Dynasty)
- Xiao Siwen, King of Wei (?-970, Liao Dynasty)
- Wen Tianxiang, Duke of Xin (1275-1278, Southern Song Dynasty)
- Lu Xiufu (1278-1279, Southern Song Dynasty)
- Ahmad Fanākatī (1264-1282, Yuan Dynasty)
- Hu Weiyong(1373-1380, Ming Dynasty)
Senior Grand Secretaries of Ming Dynasty[5]
Chief Councillors of Qing Dynasty[6]
Leaders of the Republic of China (1912-1949)
Presidents of the Provisional Government (1912-1913)
- Sun Yat-sen ( Tongmenghui, 1912)
- Yuan Shikai ( Beiyang clique, 1912-1913)
Presidents of the Beiyang Government (1912-1928) (WIP)
- Yuan Shikai ( Beiyang clique, 1912-1916)
- Li Yuanhong (Progressive Party, 1916-1917 & 1922-1923)
Chairmen of the Nationalist Government (1928-1947)
- Tan Yankai ( KMT, 1928)
- Chiang Kai-shek ( KMT, 1928-1931 & 1943-1948)
- Lin Sen ( KMT, 1931-1943)
Leaders of Warlord states (1912-1949)
President of the Anhui Clique
- Dan Qirui (1920-1926)
Govenors of the Ma Clique
- Ma Anliang (Governor of Gansu 1911-1918)
- Ma Qi (Governor/Chairman of Qinghai 1915-1931)
- Ma Hongbin (Governor of Ningxia 1921–1928;1948–1949 and Governor of Gansu 1930–1931)
- Ma Lin (Governor of Qinghai 1931-1938)
- Ma Bufang (Governor of Qinghai 1938-1949)
- Ma Honkui (Governor of Ningxia 1938-1949)
Emperor of Manchukuo
- Kangde Emperor (Puyi) (1934-1945)
President of the Republic of China (1948-1949 de jure, in-exile in Taiwan Province de facto)
- Chiang Kai-shek ( KMT, 1948-1949)
- Li Zongren (Acting) ( KMT, 1949-1950)
Paramount Leaders of the People's Republic of China (Since October 1, 1949)
- Mao Zedong (1949-1976)
- Hua Guofeng (1976-1978)
- Deng Xiaoping (1978-1989)
- Jiang Zemin (1989-2004)
- Hu Jintao (2004-2012)
- Xi Jinping (2012-)
List of Chinese Presidents
- Mao Zedong (1949-1959)
- Liu Shaoqi (1959-1968)
- Dong Biwu (1972-1975)
- Zhu De (1975-1976)
- Soong Ching-ling (1976-1978)
- Ye Jianying (1978-1983)
- Li Xiannian (1983-1988)
- Yang Shangkun (1988-1993)
- Jiang Zemin (1993-2003)
- Hu Jintao (2003-2013)
- Xi Jinping (2013-)
List of Chinese Premiers
- Zhou Enlai (1949-1976)
- Hua Guofeng (1976-1980)
- Zhao Ziyang (1980-1987)
- Li Peng (1987-1998)
- Zhu Rongji (1998-2003)
- Wen Jiabao (2003-2013)
- Li Keqiang (2013-2023)
- Li Qiang(2023-)
Other High Ranking Chinese Politicians
- Chen Boda
- Jiang Qing
- Bo Xilai
- Zhou Yongkang
- Xu Caihou
- Guo Boxiong
- Wang Huning
- Yang Jiechi
- Wang Yang
- Li Qiang
Notes and References
- ↑ All parties within the united front have to follow 'Socialism with Chinese characteristics'. Nonetheless they can hold platforms beside that.
- ↑ According to legends, Emperor Ku was said to be an inventor of musical instruments and composer of songs
- ↑ The Shu Han emperors are more often referred to as 先主 ("Former Master") and 后主 ("Latter Master") in Chinese historiography.
- ↑ The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 Aixinjueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name.
- ↑ After the death of Hu Weiyong, the title of grand chancellor was abolished. The office of the Grand Secretariat assumed the de facto powers of the chancellery after the reign of the Hongwu Emperor.
- ↑ The Qing dynasty bureaucratic hierarchy did not contain a chancellor position. Instead, the duties normally assumed by a chancellor were entrusted to a series of formal and informal institutions, the most prominent of which was the Grand Council. Occasionally, one minister may held enough power in the government that he comes to be identified, figuratively, as the "chancellor".