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{{Ideology | {{Ideology | ||
|title = [[File: Socgeo.png]] Social Georgism | |title=[[File:Socgeo.png]] '''Social Georgism''' | ||
|themecolor=e10600 | |themecolor=e10600 | ||
|textcolor=rgb(111, 255, 0) | |textcolor=rgb(111, 255, 0) | ||
|image = 53735757.png | |image=53735757.png | ||
|caption= | |caption=“LVT and Welfare go BRRRRRR” | ||
|aliases = | |aliases=[[File:Socgeo.png]] SocGeo<br> [[File:Socgeo.png]] Social Geoism<br> [[File:LabGeo.png]] Labour Georgism<br> [[File:Leftgeo.png]] Left-Wing Georgism<br> | ||
SocGeo<br> | [[File:Socgeo-Alt.png]] Geo-Social Democracy | ||
Social Geoism<br> | |alignments= | ||
[[File: | [[File:CLeft.png|link=:Category:Centrists]] [[:Category:Centrists|{{Color|#C0C0C0|'''Center-'''}}]][[:Category:Left_Unity|{{Color|#F9BABA|'''Le'''}}{{Color|#C9E5BD|'''ft'''}}]] to [[File:Leftunity.png|link=:Category:Left Unity]] [[:Category:Left Unity|{{Color|#F9BABA|'''Left'''}}{{Color|#C9E5BD|'''Unity'''}}]]<br> | ||
[[File: | {{Info/CultLefts}} (Usually)<br> | ||
[[ | {{Info/Liberals}}<br> | ||
|alignments = [[File:CLeft.png]] [[Center]] | {{Info/Georgists}}<br> | ||
{{Info/Welfarists}}<br> | |||
[[File:Syncretic.png|link=:Category:Syncretic]] [[:Category:Syncretic|{{Color|#F9BBBB|'''Sy'''}}{{Color|#93DAF8|'''nc'''}}{{Color|#C8E4BC|'''re'''}}{{Color|#F5F4AB|'''tic'''}}]]<br> | |||
[[File:L-lib.png|link=Left-Liberalism (Disambiguation)]] [[Left-Liberalism (Disambiguation)|{{Color|#F9BABA|'''Left-'''}}{{Color|#C9E5BD|'''Wing'''}} {{Color|#006AA7|'''Liberals'''}}]]<br> | |||
[[File:L-lib.png]] [[Left-Liberalism| | '''Variants'''{{Collapse| | ||
| | *[[File:Libleft.png|link=:Category:Libertarian Left]] [[:Category:Libertarian Left|{{Color|#C9E5BD|'''LibLeft'''}}]] ([[File:HelenKeller.png]] Kellerism) | ||
*[[File:Soc-h.png]] [[:Category:Socialists|{{Color|#FF0000|'''Socialists'''}}]] ([[File:GeoSoc.png]] Geo-Socialism, [[File:HelenKeller.png]] Kellerism) | |||
}} | }} | ||
| | |influences= | ||
[[File:Georgist.png]] [[Georgism]] <br> | |||
[[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy]] <br> | |||
[[File:Soclib.png]] [[Social Liberalism]] <br> | |||
[[File:Welf.png]] [[Welfarism]] | |||
|sub= | |||
[[File:GeoSoc.png]] '''Geo-Socialism''' {{Collapse| | |||
*[[File:Agsoc.png]] [[Agrarian Socialism]] (Some) | |||
*[[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[Democratic Socialism]] (Most) | |||
*[[File:3princsoc.png]] [[Tridemism|Left-Wing Tridemism]] | |||
*[[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
|influenced = | |school = | ||
|regional= | |||
[[File:HelenKeller.png]] '''Kellerism''' {{Collapse| | |||
*[[File:AntiRacism.png]] Anti-Racism | |||
*[[File:Civlibert.png]] [[Civil Libertarianism]] | |||
*[[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[Democratic Socialism]] | |||
*[[File:Eugen.png]] [[Eugenicism]] <ref> [https://www.insider.com/nazis-studied-us-eugenics-jim-crow-laws-model-policies-2022-9 "Some Americans, including ones as prominent as Henry Ford, Helen Keller, and Alexander Graham Bell, began championing eugenics — an unproven and small minded, twisted ideology arguing that genetically 'inferior' people should be sterilized to prevent offspring with undesirable traits."]</ref> | |||
*[[File:Antiimp.png]] [[Isolationism|Non-Interventionism]] | |||
*[[File:SocFem.png]] [[Marxist Feminism|Socialist Feminism]] | |||
}} | |||
|influenced= | |||
[[File:GeoSynd.png]] [[Geosyndicalism]] <br> | [[File:GeoSynd.png]] [[Geosyndicalism]] <br> | ||
[[File: Nordmodel.png]] [[Nordic Model]] (Denmark) <br> | [[File:Nordmodel.png]] [[Nordic Model]] (Denmark) <br> | ||
[[File: 3princ.png]] [[Tridemism]] [[File: 3princ-col.png]] | [[File:3princ.png]] [[Tridemism]] [[File:3princ-col.png]] | ||
|theorists= | |theorists=[[File:PanAmer.png]] '''Americas''' {{Collapse| | ||
*[[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Walter Rauschenbusch]] (1861-1918) [[File:Cball-US.png]] | *[[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Walter Rauschenbusch]] (1861-1918) [[File:Cball-US.png]] {{PBW|USAball|USA}} | ||
*[[File:HelenKeller.png]] [[Feminism|Helen Keller]] (1880-1968) [[File:Cball-US.png]] {{PBW|USAball|USA}} | |||
*[[File:HelenKeller.png]] [[Feminism|Helen Keller]] (1880-1968) [[File:Cball-US.png]] USA | *[[File:MLK_Jr.png]] [[Christian Socialism|Martin Luther King Jr.]] (1929-1968) [[File:Cball-US.png]] {{PBW|USAball|USA}} | ||
*[[File:MLK_Jr.png]] [[Christian Socialism|Martin Luther King Jr.]] (1929-1968) [[File:Cball-US.png]] USA | *[[File:NuKeynesPix.png]] [[Keynesian School|Joseph Stiglitz]] (1943-) [[File:Cball-US.png]] {{PBW|USAball|USA}} | ||
*[[File:NuKeynesPix.png]] [[ | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Social Georgism''' is an economically centre-left to left-wing | [[File:Cball-Commonwealth.png]] '''Commonwealth Realm''' {{Collapse| | ||
*[[File:Corbynism-ball.png]] [[Eco-Socialism|Jeremy Corbyn]] (1949-) [[File:Cball-UK.png]] {{PBW|UKball|UK}} | |||
}} | |||
[[File:PanAsian.png]] '''Asia''' {{Collapse| | |||
*[[File:Sun Yat-Sen.png]] [[Tridemism|Sun Yat-sen]] (1866-1925) [[File:Cball-Taiwan.png]] {{PBW|Chinaball|Republic of China}} | |||
}} | |||
|likes= | |||
[[File:LVT.png]] Land Value Tax<br> | |||
[[File:Landsoc.png]] Free Land<br> | |||
[[File:Globcap.png]] Free Trade<br> | |||
[[File:Civlibert.png]] Free People<br> | |||
[[File:GeoClib.png]] Henry George<br> | |||
[[File:Sun Yat-Sen.png]] Sun Yat-Sen<br> | |||
[[File:Welf.png]] Welfare<br> | |||
|dislikes=[[File:Ancapf.png]] Rent-seekers<br> | |||
[[File:Tankie.png]] Tankies<br> | |||
[[File:Mao.png]] Maoists<br> | |||
}} | |||
{{Quote| | |||
quote="Rent is that portion of the produce of the earth which is paid to the landlord for the use of the original and indestructible powers of the soil." | |||
|speaker=[[File:Ricardocube.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|David Ricardo]] | |||
}} | |||
'''Social Georgism''' is an economically centre-left to left-wing and culturally variable (though typically left-leaning) ideology combining the Georgist idea of a land value tax, (often as the primary source of public revenue), with the desire for a sustainable and highly developed welfare state. | |||
Social Georgism is in essence a variant of [[File: Georgist.png]] [[Georgism]] which broadly covers most of the left wing of said movement, though primarily centre-left, closely linked to [[File: Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy]]. Any Georgists considering themselves left wing could potentially add the "Social" prefix, even though some of the rather specific ones have their own more or less fleshed out definitions, namely [[File: GeoSynd.png]] [[Geosyndicalism]]. | Social Georgism is in essence a variant of [[File:Georgist.png]] [[Georgism]] which broadly covers most of the left wing of said movement, though primarily centre-left, closely linked to [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy]]. Any Georgists considering themselves left wing could potentially add the "Social" prefix, even though some of the rather specific ones have their own more or less fleshed out definitions, namely [[File:GeoSynd.png]] [[Geosyndicalism]]. | ||
Georgism itself could be considered quite "social", however, the movement has always had a divide between strongly libertarian types and more statist labour activists. Social Georgism would tend to attract the latter kind; generally, though not always, people favouring using the taxes collected through LVT to fund welfare provided by the state rather than a citizen's dividend. | Georgism itself could be considered quite "social", however, the movement has always had a divide between strongly libertarian types and more statist labour activists. Social Georgism would tend to attract the latter kind; generally, though not always, people favouring using the taxes collected through LVT to fund welfare provided by the state rather than a citizen's dividend. | ||
Very early on, Social Georgism got a child with [[File: Civnat.png]] [[Civic Nationalism]] in China, called [[File: 3princ.png]] [[Tridemism]], and they in turn almost succeeded in realising their shared ideals before they were thwarted by [[File:Mao.png]] [[Maoism]]. | Very early on, Social Georgism got a child with [[File:Civnat.png]] [[Civic Nationalism]] in China, called [[File:3princ.png]] [[Tridemism]], and they in turn almost succeeded in realising their shared ideals before they were thwarted by [[File:Mao.png]] [[Maoism]]. | ||
==Beliefs== | |||
Social Georgism is a socio-economic philosophy based on the ideas of economist and philosopher Henry George. George proposed that land, as a limited natural resource, should be the common property of humanity, and its economic value created by society should be shared equitably by all. The central idea of Social Georgism is to tax land rent (also known as economic rent) as the primary source of public revenue, instead of taxing labor or capital. | |||
According to George, the value of land increases due to economic activity and societal development, rather than the individual efforts of landowners. Therefore, he argued that land rent should be collectivized and used to finance public services and social needs. This would be achieved through a single tax on land value, known as the single tax on land. | |||
Social Georgism advocates for income redistribution through this tax, aiming to reduce economic inequality and promote social justice. Additionally, some proponents of Social Georgism also advocate for the abolition or significant reduction of other taxes, such as income and consumption taxes, to foster economic efficiency and reduce market distortions. | |||
Although Henry George's ideas were influential in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Social Georgism has not been fully implemented in any modern society. However, it remains a topic of debate and discussion among economists and activists seeking to address issues such as poverty, inequality, and sustainable use of natural resources. | |||
==Variants== | |||
===[[File:GeoSoc.png]] '''Geo-Socialism'''=== | |||
[[File:GeoSoc.png]] '''Geo-socialism''' is a school of thought that combines elements of Georgism and socialism, advocating for public ownership of land and the redistribution of land rent, along with socialist principles seeking collective or state ownership of the means of production and social equality. | |||
Within the context of geo-socialism, the idea is promoted that land and its natural resources should be considered as common property of society as a whole, and the benefits generated by their use should be equitably redistributed among all members of the community. This would be achieved through a single tax on the value of land, following the Georgist proposal, but with a more socialist orientation regarding income redistribution. | |||
In addition to the issue of land, geo-socialism also advocates for the socialization of other important economic sectors such as industry, banking, and basic services, aiming to eliminate capitalist exploitation and ensure equal access to resources and essential services for all citizens. | |||
==Personality== | ==Personality== | ||
SocGeo often attempts to compromise between different ideas, trying to reason with both left and right in an attempt to defend and advocate for the idea of a mixed economy while socializing the land values, to strengthen both the society, free enterprise, and the return to labor. | SocGeo often attempts to compromise between different ideas, trying to reason with both left and right in an attempt to defend and advocate for the idea of a mixed economy while socializing the land values, to strengthen both the society, free enterprise, and the return to labor. | ||
Line 59: | Line 104: | ||
She's also strongly opposed to privatisation of vital public infrastructure and unregulated exploitation of natural resources. | She's also strongly opposed to privatisation of vital public infrastructure and unregulated exploitation of natural resources. | ||
Depending what mood she's is in, she can draw varying degrees of inspiration from her parent [[File: Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy]] and their other relatives on that side of the family. | Depending what mood she's is in, she can draw varying degrees of inspiration from her parent [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy]] and their other relatives on that side of the family. | ||
==How to Draw== | ==How to Draw== | ||
Line 79: | Line 124: | ||
}} | }} | ||
== Relations == | ==Relations== | ||
=== Friends === | ===Friends=== | ||
* [[File: Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy]] - I'm really happy about the welfare state you created! ^^ | * [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy]] - I'm really happy about the welfare state you created! ^^ | ||
* [[File: Georgist.png]] [[Georgism]] - ...and you came up with the best way to fund our public expenses | * [[File:Georgist.png]] [[Georgism]] - ...and you came up with the best way to fund our public expenses! | ||
* [[File:GeoSynd.png]] [[Geosyndicalism]] - Best buddy. Even more into (tenant) unions than I am! | |||
* [[File: GeoSynd.png]] [[Geosyndicalism]] - Best buddy. Even more into (tenant) unions than I am! | * [[File:Steinval.png]] [[Steiner-Vallentyne School]] - Me, but libertarian. Based! | ||
* [[File: | * [[File:3princ.png]] [[Tridemism]] - Your second and third principles are great, my child! | ||
* [[File: | * [[File:Socliber.png]] [[Social Libertarianism]] - We're fairly similar, if only you took the LVT pill. | ||
* [[File: Socliber.png]] [[Social Libertarianism]] - We're fairly similar, if only you took the LVT pill. | |||
*[[File:Soclib.png]] [[Social Liberalism]] - Honestly, I might be able to work with this. | *[[File:Soclib.png]] [[Social Liberalism]] - Honestly, I might be able to work with this. | ||
*[[File:Nordmodel.png]] [[Nordic Model]] - Denmark's LVT is pretty based. | *[[File:Nordmodel.png]] [[Nordic Model]] - Denmark's LVT is pretty based. | ||
*[[File: | * [[File:Envi.png]] [[Environmentalism]] - Yes, we need a sustainable society! | ||
* [[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[Democratic Socialism]] - We both love Jeremy Corbyn and nationalizing land/natural resources. | |||
=== Frenemies === | ===Frenemies=== | ||
*[[File: Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]] - If only they had acknowledged that economic rent was the most important thing to socialize... | *[[File:Geolib.png]] [[Geolibertarianism]] - Doesn't like my model of the state, but at least we agree about a tax shift, right? | ||
*[[File: Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism]] - They're not as bad as I like to paint them before elections, but they really should take off those silly sunglasses and have some more equitable economical ideas. | *[[File:Angeo.png]] [[Geoanarchism]] - Wow, ''really'' doesn't like my model of the state. But you are still a fellow georgist, and some of you're variants are economically left wing, so I can't entirely hate you. | ||
*[[File: | *[[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]] - If only they had acknowledged that economic rent was the most important thing to socialize... | ||
*[[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism]] - They're not as bad as I like to paint them before elections, but they really should take off those silly sunglasses and have some more equitable economical ideas. | |||
*[[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way]] - I ''really'' want to like you, but you've often emboldened [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|his]] rent-seeking behavior, like when [[File:New Labourism.png]] Tony Blair privatized utilities and other natural monopolies. | |||
=== Enemies === | ===Enemies=== | ||
* [[File: Ancapf.png]] [[Anarcho-Capitalism]] - Rent-seeker... | *[[File:Ancapf.png]] [[Anarcho-Capitalism]] - Rent-seeker... | ||
* [[File: ML.png]] [[Marxism–Leninism]] - Please, no more tanks! | *[[File:ML.png]] [[Marxism–Leninism]] - Please, no more tanks! | ||
* [[File:Mao.png]] [[Maoism]] - Please calm down. | *[[File:Mao.png]] [[Maoism]] - Please calm down. | ||
*[[File: | *[[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism]] - Lackey of the rich! | ||
==Further Information== | ==Further Information== | ||
Line 109: | Line 154: | ||
*[https://www.earthsharing.org.au/ Earth Sharing.org] | *[https://www.earthsharing.org.au/ Earth Sharing.org] | ||
*[https://fabians.org.uk/land-value-taxation-from-proposition-to-practical-policy/ ''"Land Value Taxation: from proposition to practical policy"''] by [[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[W:Mark_Drakeford|Mark Drakeford]] | *[https://fabians.org.uk/land-value-taxation-from-proposition-to-practical-policy/ ''"Land Value Taxation: from proposition to practical policy"''] by [[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[W:Mark_Drakeford|Mark Drakeford]] | ||
===References=== | |||
<references/> | |||
===Videos=== | ===Videos=== | ||
*[[File:YouTube.png]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruE5KXOQKHw Land Value Taxation] by [http://labourland.org/ Labour Land Campaign] | *[[File:YouTube.png]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruE5KXOQKHw Land Value Taxation] by [http://labourland.org/ Labour Land Campaign] | ||
=== Gallery === | ===Online communities=== | ||
[https://www.reddit.com/r/LeftGeorgism/ r/LeftGeorgism] | |||
===Gallery=== | |||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
GeorgistFamily-JabroGaming.jpg| Credit: u/JabroGaming, [https://www.reddit.com/r/Polcompball/comments/hom9gh/georgist_family_photo/ Source] | GeorgistFamily-JabroGaming.jpg| Credit: u/JabroGaming, [https://www.reddit.com/r/Polcompball/comments/hom9gh/georgist_family_photo/ Source] | ||
Line 127: | Line 179: | ||
{{Navbox/Liberals}} | {{Navbox/Liberals}} | ||
{{Navbox/Prefixes}} | {{Navbox/Prefixes}} | ||
[[Category:Democratic]] | [[Category:Democratic]] |
Latest revision as of 21:28, 7 March 2024
"Rent is that portion of the produce of the earth which is paid to the landlord for the use of the original and indestructible powers of the soil."
Social Georgism is an economically centre-left to left-wing and culturally variable (though typically left-leaning) ideology combining the Georgist idea of a land value tax, (often as the primary source of public revenue), with the desire for a sustainable and highly developed welfare state.
Social Georgism is in essence a variant of Georgism which broadly covers most of the left wing of said movement, though primarily centre-left, closely linked to Social Democracy. Any Georgists considering themselves left wing could potentially add the "Social" prefix, even though some of the rather specific ones have their own more or less fleshed out definitions, namely Geosyndicalism.
Georgism itself could be considered quite "social", however, the movement has always had a divide between strongly libertarian types and more statist labour activists. Social Georgism would tend to attract the latter kind; generally, though not always, people favouring using the taxes collected through LVT to fund welfare provided by the state rather than a citizen's dividend.
Very early on, Social Georgism got a child with Civic Nationalism in China, called Tridemism, and they in turn almost succeeded in realising their shared ideals before they were thwarted by Maoism.
Beliefs
Social Georgism is a socio-economic philosophy based on the ideas of economist and philosopher Henry George. George proposed that land, as a limited natural resource, should be the common property of humanity, and its economic value created by society should be shared equitably by all. The central idea of Social Georgism is to tax land rent (also known as economic rent) as the primary source of public revenue, instead of taxing labor or capital.
According to George, the value of land increases due to economic activity and societal development, rather than the individual efforts of landowners. Therefore, he argued that land rent should be collectivized and used to finance public services and social needs. This would be achieved through a single tax on land value, known as the single tax on land.
Social Georgism advocates for income redistribution through this tax, aiming to reduce economic inequality and promote social justice. Additionally, some proponents of Social Georgism also advocate for the abolition or significant reduction of other taxes, such as income and consumption taxes, to foster economic efficiency and reduce market distortions.
Although Henry George's ideas were influential in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Social Georgism has not been fully implemented in any modern society. However, it remains a topic of debate and discussion among economists and activists seeking to address issues such as poverty, inequality, and sustainable use of natural resources.
Variants
Geo-Socialism
Geo-socialism is a school of thought that combines elements of Georgism and socialism, advocating for public ownership of land and the redistribution of land rent, along with socialist principles seeking collective or state ownership of the means of production and social equality.
Within the context of geo-socialism, the idea is promoted that land and its natural resources should be considered as common property of society as a whole, and the benefits generated by their use should be equitably redistributed among all members of the community. This would be achieved through a single tax on the value of land, following the Georgist proposal, but with a more socialist orientation regarding income redistribution.
In addition to the issue of land, geo-socialism also advocates for the socialization of other important economic sectors such as industry, banking, and basic services, aiming to eliminate capitalist exploitation and ensure equal access to resources and essential services for all citizens.
Personality
SocGeo often attempts to compromise between different ideas, trying to reason with both left and right in an attempt to defend and advocate for the idea of a mixed economy while socializing the land values, to strengthen both the society, free enterprise, and the return to labor.
She's also strongly opposed to privatisation of vital public infrastructure and unregulated exploitation of natural resources.
Depending what mood she's is in, she can draw varying degrees of inspiration from her parent Social Democracy and their other relatives on that side of the family.
How to Draw
- Draw a ball.
- Fill it with red.
- Draw a green rose in the bottom.
- Cut it in half and fill the top/left with gold.
- Add the eyes and you're done!
Color Name | HEX | RGB | |
---|---|---|---|
Red | #E10600 | 225, 6, 0 | |
Green | #00FF00 | 0, 255, 0 | |
Gold | #FFFF00 | 255, 255, 0 |
Relations
Friends
- Social Democracy - I'm really happy about the welfare state you created! ^^
- Georgism - ...and you came up with the best way to fund our public expenses!
- Geosyndicalism - Best buddy. Even more into (tenant) unions than I am!
- Steiner-Vallentyne School - Me, but libertarian. Based!
- Tridemism - Your second and third principles are great, my child!
- Social Libertarianism - We're fairly similar, if only you took the LVT pill.
- Social Liberalism - Honestly, I might be able to work with this.
- Nordic Model - Denmark's LVT is pretty based.
- Environmentalism - Yes, we need a sustainable society!
- Democratic Socialism - We both love Jeremy Corbyn and nationalizing land/natural resources.
Frenemies
- Geolibertarianism - Doesn't like my model of the state, but at least we agree about a tax shift, right?
- Geoanarchism - Wow, really doesn't like my model of the state. But you are still a fellow georgist, and some of you're variants are economically left wing, so I can't entirely hate you.
- Marxism - If only they had acknowledged that economic rent was the most important thing to socialize...
- Neoliberalism - They're not as bad as I like to paint them before elections, but they really should take off those silly sunglasses and have some more equitable economical ideas.
- Third Way - I really want to like you, but you've often emboldened his rent-seeking behavior, like when Tony Blair privatized utilities and other natural monopolies.
Enemies
- Anarcho-Capitalism - Rent-seeker...
- Marxism–Leninism - Please, no more tanks!
- Maoism - Please calm down.
- Conservatism - Lackey of the rich!
Further Information
- LabourLand.org
- Earth Sharing.org
- "Land Value Taxation: from proposition to practical policy" by Mark Drakeford
References
Videos
Online communities
Gallery
Georgists - Free Trade, Free Land, Free Men | |
Main | |
---|---|
Self-Inserts | Quarkism |
Liberals - Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité | |
Main | Classical Liberalism • Social Liberalism • Big Tent Liberalism • Third Way • Liberalism • Liberal Conservatism • Ordo-Liberalism • Radical Liberalism |
---|---|
Regional | Cardosoism • Bidenism • Sarneyism • Obamaism • Clintonism ( Hillaryism) |
Self-Inserts | FreePCB Reformism • Brazilian Liberalism • DECBism |