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{{Ideology | {{Ideology | ||
|themecolor=#fffcf2 | |||
|textcolor=#ff0d05 | |||
|title=[[File:Frankfurt.png]] Frankfurt School | |||
|image=[[File:FrankSoc.png]] | |||
|caption= | |||
|aliases={{Collapse| | |||
Frankfurt | Frankfurt Socialism<br> | ||
Frankfurtianism<br> | |||
[[File:Prgess.png]] [[:Category:Culturally Left|Culturally Left]] <br> | Frankfurt Marxism<br> | ||
Critical Theory<br> | |||
<s>Leftist PragerU</s> | |||
}} | |||
|alignments=[[File:Leftunity.png]] [[:Category:Left Unity|LeftUnity]]<br> | |||
[[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[:Category:Communists|Communists]]<br> | |||
[[File:Soc-h.png]] [[:Category:Socialists|Socialists]]<br> | |||
[[File:Prgess.png]] [[:Category:Culturally Left|Culturally Left]]<br> | |||
[[File:Internation.png]] [[:Category:Internationalists|Internationalists]] | [[File:Internation.png]] [[:Category:Internationalists|Internationalists]] | ||
|influences= | |||
[[File:Kant.png]] [[Enlightenment|Kantianism]]<br> | [[File:Kant.png]] [[Enlightenment Thought|Kantianism]]<br> | ||
[[File:Continental.png]] | [[File:Continental.png]] {{PHB|Continental Philosophy|Continental Philosophy}}<br> | ||
[[File:Hegel.png]] | [[File:Hegel.png]] {{PHB|Hegelianism|Hegelianism}}<br> | ||
[[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]]<br> | [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]]<br> | ||
[[File:Freud.png]] | [[File:Freud.png]] {{PHB|Freudianism|Freudianism}}<br> | ||
[[File:Existentialism.png]] | [[File:Existentialism.png]] {{PHB|Existentialism|Existentialism}}<br> | ||
[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism]]<br> | [[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism]]<br> | ||
[[File:Nietzsche.png]] | [[File:Nietzsche.png]] {{PHB|Nietzscheanism|Nietzscheanism}}<br> | ||
[[File:Pragmat.png]] | [[File:Pragmat.png]] {{PHB|Pragmatism|Pragmatism}}<br> | ||
[[File: | [[File:PrusSoc.png]] {{PHB|Spenglerism|Spenglerism}} | ||
|influenced={{Collapse| | |||
[[File:Acidcomf.png]] [[Acid Communism]]<br> | |||
[[File:Esosoc.png]] [[Esoteric Socialism]]<br> | [[File:Esosoc.png]] [[Esoteric Socialism]]<br> | ||
[[File:Situ.png]] [[Situationism]]<br> | [[File:Situ.png]] [[Situationism]]<br> | ||
[[File:Post-an.png]] [[Post-Anarchism]] (Critical Theory) | [[File:Post-an.png]] [[Post-Anarchism]] (Critical Theory) | ||
}} | |||
|sub = | |||
[[File:Adorno.png]] '''Adornism''' {{Collapse| | |||
*[[File:Antifash2.png]] [[Anti-Fascism]] | |||
|theorists=*[[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Walter Benjamin]] (1892-1940) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany | *[[File:Enlightenment.png]] [[Enlightenment Thought]] | ||
*[[File:Existentialism.png]] {{PHB|Existentialism}} | |||
*[[File:Kafka.png]] [[Existentialist Anarchism|Kafkism]] | |||
*[[File:FreudCom.png]] {{PHB|Neo-Marxism|Freudo-Marxism}} | |||
*[[File:HegelMarx.png]] {{PHB|Neo-Marxism|Hegelian Marxism}} | |||
*[[File:Husserl.png]] {{PHB|Phenomenology|Husserlianism}} | |||
*[[File:Kant.png]] {{PHB|Kantianism}} | |||
*[[File:Kierkegaard.png]] {{PHB|Kierkegaardianism}} | |||
*[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism]] | |||
*[[File:NietzscheMarx.png]] {{PHB|Nietzscheanism|Nietzschean Marxism}} | |||
*[[File:Psychoanalysis.png]] {{PHB|Psychoanalysis}} | |||
*[[File:Romanticism.png]] {{PHB|Romanticism}} | |||
*[[File:PrusSoc.png]] [[Cultural Nationalism#Spenglerism|Spenglerism]] | |||
*[[File:StructMarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Structural Marxism]] | |||
*[[File:Weber.png]] {{PHB|Weberism}} | |||
}} | |||
[[File:CRT.png]] '''Critical Race Theory''' {{Collapse| | |||
*[[File:Anti-Liberalism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Liberalism}} | |||
*[[File:AntiRacism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Racism}} | |||
*[[File:Blacknat.png]] [[Black Nationalism|Black Power]] | |||
*[[File:Dubois.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Du Boisian Socialism]] | |||
*[[File:Radical Republican.png]] [[Abolitionism|Frederick Douglassism]] | |||
*[[File:Gramsci.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Gramscianism]] | |||
*[[File:Intersec.png]] [[Progressivism|Intersectionality]] | |||
*[[File:NeoMarxProg.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Neo-Marxian Progressivism]] | |||
*[[File:PostColFem.png]] [[Postcolonial Feminism]] | |||
}} | |||
|song= | |||
|likes=Critical theory | |||
|dislikes=Class Reductionists | |||
|theorists=[[File:PanAmer.png]] '''Americas''' {{Collapse| | |||
*[[File:Eco-marxism.png]] [[Eco-Socialism|Trent Schroyer]] (1936-2018) [[File:Cball-US.png]] USA | |||
}} | |||
[[File:Cball-EU.png]] '''Europe''' {{Collapse| | |||
*[[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Walter Benjamin]] (1892-1940) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany | |||
*[[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Max Horkheimer]] (1895-1973) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany | *[[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Max Horkheimer]] (1895-1973) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany | ||
*[[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1898-1979) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany | *[[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1898-1979) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany | ||
*[[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|Erich Fromm]](1900-1980) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany | *[[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|Erich Fromm]] (1900-1980) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany | ||
*[[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1903-1969) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany | *[[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1903-1969) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany | ||
*[[File:Civnat.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Jürgen Habermas]] (1929-) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany | *[[File:Civnat.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Jürgen Habermas]] (1929-) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Frankfurt Socialism''' is <s>a sausage</s> an economically and culturally left, Marxist ideology based off The Frankfurt School and theorists associated with it. The Frankfurt School is a sociological-philosophical school of [[File:Neomarx.png|link=https://polcompball.fandom.com/wiki/File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Neo-Marxist]] | }} | ||
'''Frankfurt Socialism''' is <s>a sausage</s> an economically and culturally left, Marxist ideology based off The Frankfurt School and theorists associated with it. The Frankfurt School is a sociological-philosophical school of [[File:Neomarx.png|link=https://polcompball.fandom.com/wiki/File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Neo-Marxist]] orientation. The original nucleus of this school, made up mostly of [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] German philosophers and sociologists, emerged in 1923 in the environment of the newborn "Institute for Social Research" of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main In [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany, under the leadership of the [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism|Marxist]] historian Carl Grünberg. | |||
When [[File: Nazi.png]] Hitler came to power the Frankfurt School was put in exile. 16 years later, the Frankfurt School would come back and the institute moved to Geneva (in [[File:Cball-Switzerland.png|link=https://polcompball.fandom.com/wiki/File:Cball-Switzerland.png]] Switzerland). The Frankfurt school perspective is based upon [[File: Ormarxf.png]] | When [[File:Nazi.png]] Hitler came to power the Frankfurt School was put in exile. 16 years later, the Frankfurt School would come back and the institute moved to Geneva (in [[File:Cball-Switzerland.png|link=https://polcompball.fandom.com/wiki/File:Cball-Switzerland.png]] Switzerland). The Frankfurt school perspective is based upon [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism|Marxist]], [[File:Freud.png]] Freudian and [[File:Hegel.png]] Hegelian premises of Idealism. To fill the omissions of 19th-century classical [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]], which did not address 20th-century social problems, they applied the methods of antipositivist sociology, of psychoanalysis, and of existentialism. While some theorists of the institute remained in the [[File:Cball-US.png]] USA, the Frankfurt School was re-established in West Germany, Frankfurt. | ||
== Critical theory == | ==Critical theory== | ||
The works of the Frankfurt School are understood in the context of the intellectual and practical objectives of critical theory. Max Horkheimer defined critical theory as social critique meant to effect sociologic change and realize intellectual emancipation, by way of enlightenment that is not dogmatic in its assumptions. Critical theory analyzes the true significance of ''the ruling understandings'' (the dominant ideology) generated in bourgeois society in order to show that the dominant ideology misrepresents ''how'' human relations occur in the real world and how capitalism justifies and legitimates the domination of people. | The works of the Frankfurt School are understood in the context of the intellectual and practical objectives of critical theory. Max Horkheimer defined critical theory as social critique meant to effect sociologic change and realize intellectual emancipation, by way of enlightenment that is not dogmatic in its assumptions. Critical theory analyzes the true significance of ''the ruling understandings'' (the dominant ideology) generated in bourgeois society in order to show that the dominant ideology misrepresents ''how'' human relations occur in the real world and how capitalism justifies and legitimates the domination of people. | ||
Unlike Orthodox Marxism, which applies a template to critique and to action, critical theory is self-critical, with no claim to the universality of absolute truth. As such, it does not grant primacy to matter (materialism) or consciousness (idealism), because each epistemology distorts the reality under study to the benefit of a small group. In practice, critical theory is outside the philosophical strictures of traditional theory; however, as a way of thinking and of recovering humanity's self-knowledge, critical theory draws investigational resources and methods from Marxism. | Unlike Orthodox Marxism, which applies a template to critique and to action, critical theory is self-critical, with no claim to the universality of absolute truth. As such, it does not grant primacy to matter (materialism) or consciousness (idealism), because each epistemology distorts the reality under study to the benefit of a small group. In practice, critical theory is outside the philosophical strictures of traditional theory; however, as a way of thinking and of recovering humanity's self-knowledge, critical theory draws investigational resources and methods from Marxism. | ||
=== Dialetics === | ===Dialetics=== | ||
The Frankfurt School reformulated dialectics into a concrete method of investigation, derived from the Hegelian philosophy that an idea will pass over into its own negation, as the result of conflict between the inherently contradictory aspects of the idea. In opposition to previous modes of reasoning, which viewed things in abstraction, each by itself and as though endowed with fixed properties, Hegelian dialectics considers ideas according to their movement and change in time, according to their interrelations and interactions. | The Frankfurt School reformulated dialectics into a concrete method of investigation, derived from the Hegelian philosophy that an idea will pass over into its own negation, as the result of conflict between the inherently contradictory aspects of the idea. In opposition to previous modes of reasoning, which viewed things in abstraction, each by itself and as though endowed with fixed properties, Hegelian dialectics considers ideas according to their movement and change in time, according to their interrelations and interactions. | ||
Marx used dialectical analysis to uncover the contradictions in the predominant ideas of society, and in the social relations to which they are linked – exposing the underlying struggle between opposing forces. Only by becoming aware of the dialectic (i.e. class consciousness) of such opposing forces in a struggle for power can men and women intellectually liberate themselves, and change the existing social order through social progress. | Marx used dialectical analysis to uncover the contradictions in the predominant ideas of society, and in the social relations to which they are linked – exposing the underlying struggle between opposing forces. Only by becoming aware of the dialectic (i.e. class consciousness) of such opposing forces in a struggle for power can men and women intellectually liberate themselves, and change the existing social order through social progress. | ||
The Frankfurt School understood that a dialectical method could only be adopted ''if it could be applied to itself''; if they adopted a self-correcting method – a dialectical method that would enable the correction of previous, false interpretations of the dialectical investigation. Accordingly, critical theory rejected the historicism and materialism of Orthodox Marxism. | The Frankfurt School understood that a dialectical method could only be adopted ''if it could be applied to itself''; if they adopted a self-correcting method – a dialectical method that would enable the correction of previous, false interpretations of the dialectical investigation. Accordingly, critical theory rejected the historicism and materialism of Orthodox Marxism. | ||
=== Critique of Western civilization === | ===Critique of Western civilization=== | ||
The second phase of Frankfurt School critical theory centres principally on two works: Adorno and Horkheimer's ''Dialectic of Enlightenment'' (1944) and Adorno's ''Minima Moralia'' (1951). While retaining much of a Marxian analysis, these works critical shifted emphasis from a critique of capitalism to a critique of Western civilization, as seen in ''Dialectic of Enlightenment'', which uses the ''Odyssey'' as a paradigm for their analysis of bourgeois consciousness. Their exposition of the domination of nature as a central characteristic of instrumental rationality in Western civilization was made long before ecology and environmentalism became popular concerns. | The second phase of Frankfurt School critical theory centres principally on two works: Adorno and Horkheimer's ''Dialectic of Enlightenment'' (1944) and Adorno's ''Minima Moralia'' (1951). While retaining much of a Marxian analysis, these works critical shifted emphasis from a critique of capitalism to a critique of Western civilization, as seen in ''Dialectic of Enlightenment'', which uses the ''Odyssey'' as a paradigm for their analysis of bourgeois consciousness. Their exposition of the domination of nature as a central characteristic of instrumental rationality in Western civilization was made long before ecology and environmentalism became popular concerns. | ||
Consequently, at a time when it appears that reality itself has become the basis for ideology, the greatest contribution that critical theory can make is to explore the dialectical contradictions of individual subjective experience on the one hand, and to preserve the truth of theory on the other. Even dialectical progress is put into doubt: "its truth or untruth is not inherent in the method itself, but in its intention in the historical process." This intention must be oriented toward integral freedom and happiness: "The only philosophy which can be responsibly practiced in face of despair is the attempt to contemplate all things as they would present themselves from the standpoint of redemption." Adorno distanced himself from the "optimism" of orthodox Marxism: "beside the demand thus placed on thought, the question of the reality or unreality of redemption [i.e. human emancipation] itself hardly matters. | Consequently, at a time when it appears that reality itself has become the basis for ideology, the greatest contribution that critical theory can make is to explore the dialectical contradictions of individual subjective experience on the one hand, and to preserve the truth of theory on the other. Even dialectical progress is put into doubt: "its truth or untruth is not inherent in the method itself, but in its intention in the historical process." This intention must be oriented toward integral freedom and happiness: "The only philosophy which can be responsibly practiced in face of despair is the attempt to contemplate all things as they would present themselves from the standpoint of redemption." Adorno distanced himself from the "optimism" of orthodox Marxism: "beside the demand thus placed on thought, the question of the reality or unreality of redemption [i.e. human emancipation] itself hardly matters. | ||
From a sociological point of view, Horkheimer's and Adorno's works contain an ambivalence concerning the ultimate source or foundation of social domination, an ambivalence that gave rise to the "pessimism" of the new critical theory over the possibility of human emancipation and freedom. This ambivalence was rooted in the historical circumstances in which the work was originally produced, in particular, the rise of National Socialism, state capitalism, and mass culture as entirely new forms of social domination that could not be adequately explained within the terms of traditional Marxist sociology. | From a sociological point of view, Horkheimer's and Adorno's works contain an ambivalence concerning the ultimate source or foundation of social domination, an ambivalence that gave rise to the "pessimism" of the new critical theory over the possibility of human emancipation and freedom. This ambivalence was rooted in the historical circumstances in which the work was originally produced, in particular, the rise of National Socialism, state capitalism, and mass culture as entirely new forms of social domination that could not be adequately explained within the terms of traditional Marxist sociology. | ||
For Adorno and Horkheimer, state intervention in the economy had effectively abolished the tension in capitalism between the "relations of production" and "material productive forces of society"—a tension that, according to traditional Marxist theory, constituted the primary contradiction within capitalism. The previously "free" market (as an "unconscious" mechanism for the distribution of goods) and "irrevocable" private property of Marx's epoch gradually have been replaced by the more central role of management hierarchies at the firm level and macroeconomic interventions at the state level in contemporary Western societies. The dialectic through which Marx predicted the emancipation of modern society is suppressed, effectively being subjugated to a positivist rationality of domination. | For Adorno and Horkheimer, state intervention in the economy had effectively abolished the tension in capitalism between the "relations of production" and "material productive forces of society"—a tension that, according to traditional Marxist theory, constituted the primary contradiction within capitalism. The previously "free" market (as an "unconscious" mechanism for the distribution of goods) and "irrevocable" private property of Marx's epoch gradually have been replaced by the more central role of management hierarchies at the firm level and macroeconomic interventions at the state level in contemporary Western societies. The dialectic through which Marx predicted the emancipation of modern society is suppressed, effectively being subjugated to a positivist rationality of domination. | ||
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|h2 = #FF0000 | |h2=#FF0000 | ||
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}} | }} | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
== Relationships == | ==Relationships== | ||
=== Friends === | ===Friends=== | ||
*[[File:Libmarx.png]] [[Libertarian Marxism]] - A very good friend | *[[File:Libmarx.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism|Libertarian Marxism]] - A very good friend. | ||
*[[File:Situ.png]] [[Situationism]] - We share many similarities in thought. | *[[File:Situ.png]] [[Situationism]] - We share many similarities in thought. | ||
* [[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism]] - My older brother. He influenced me greatly and it’s always a joy working with him. | *[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism]] - My older brother. He influenced me greatly and it’s always a joy working with him. | ||
* [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism]] - A very popular fellow who takes many of my ideas, though you’re too moderate. | *[[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism]] - A very popular fellow who takes many of my ideas, though you’re too moderate. | ||
*[[File:Antifa.png]] [[Anti-Fascism]] - More radical version of the last guy, just make sure you keep distancing yourself from [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|him.]] | *[[File:Antifa.png]] [[Anti-Fascism]] - More radical version of the last guy, just make sure you keep distancing yourself from [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|him.]] | ||
=== Frenemies === | ===Frenemies=== | ||
*[[File:Mao.png]] [[Maoism]] - I don’t quite know what to make of him. Some of my theorists loved him, others detested him. | *[[File:Mao.png]] [[Maoism]] - I don’t quite know what to make of him. Some of my theorists loved him, others detested him. | ||
*[[File:Ancom.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism]] - You're cool and all, but Anarchism is childish and delusional. | *[[File:Ancom.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism]] - You're cool and all, but Anarchism is childish and delusional. | ||
*[[File:Marxlen.png]] [[Marxism–Leninism]] - Thanks for spreading socialism, but you're still too authoritarian for my likings. | *[[File:Marxlen.png]] [[Marxism–Leninism]] - Thanks for spreading socialism, but you're still too authoritarian for my likings. | ||
=== Enemies === | ===Enemies=== | ||
*[[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism]] - A braindead racist who willfully misinterprets my ideas to spread propaganda. | *[[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism]] - A braindead racist who willfully misinterprets my ideas to spread propaganda. | ||
* [[File:React.png]] [[ | *[[File:React.png]] [[Reactionaryism]] - Same as the above but on steroids. And you oppose the enlightenment, for the COMPLETELY wrong reasons. | ||
*[[File:Nrx.png]] [[ | *[[File:Nrx.png]] [[Neoreactionaryism]] - Same as above but geek, your political theories are retarded you little shit. | ||
* [[File: | *[[File:Reactlib.png]] [[Reactionary Liberalism]] and [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism]] - The most horrible products of liberalism. | ||
*[[File:Necon.png]] [[Neoconservatism]] - Army of western liberal chauvinist hawks using the excuse of "freedom and tolerance" for brutalize people that they label as no good. | |||
*[[File:Enlightenment.png]] [[Enlightenment Thought]] [[File:Enlightenment.png]] - Nothing but a false promise that led to [[File:Totalitarian.png]] [[Totalitarianism]]. Has nothing to do with whatever [[File:React.png]] [[Reactionaryism|they're]] saying | |||
*[[File:Totalitarian.png]] [[Totalitarianism]] - The result of the [[File:Enlightenment.png]] [[Enlightenment Thought]]. | |||
*[[File: | *[[File:Petersonism.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Petersonism]] - A horrible "intellectual" that represents all that I oppose. | ||
*[[File:Altl.png]] [[Alt-Lite]] - Zoomer fans of above. | |||
* [[File: | |||
* [[File: Totalitarian.png]] [[Totalitarianism]] - The result of the [[File: | |||
* [[File:Petersonism.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Petersonism]] - A horrible "intellectual" that represents all that I oppose. | |||
*[[File:Orlib.png]] [[Ordo-Liberalism|Freiburg]] [[Social Capitalism|School]] [[File:Soccap.png]] - They sometimes compare us but you're only a German delayer of socialism. | *[[File:Orlib.png]] [[Ordo-Liberalism|Freiburg]] [[Social Capitalism|School]] [[File:Soccap.png]] - They sometimes compare us but you're only a German delayer of socialism. | ||
*[[File:Consocf.png]] [[Conservative Socialism]] - Quit calling me a radlib! | *[[File:Consocf.png]] [[Conservative Socialism]] - Quit calling me a radlib! | ||
*[[File:Mesocon.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism#Pragerism|Pragerism]] - My american opposite. | *[[File:Mesocon.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism#Pragerism|Pragerism]] - My american opposite. | ||
*[[File:Trad.png]] [[Traditionalism]] - An excuse to enslave and oppress the lower classes. | |||
*[[File:Fishe.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism#Thomas Hobbes|Hobbesianism]] - An enlightened intellectual that proff by points. | |||
*[[File:Race.png]] [[Racial Nationalism|Racism]] - Pseudocientific garbage to discriminate and ostratice against minorities. | |||
*[[File:Whitesup.png]] [[White Nationalism]] - Product of above. | |||
*[[File:Altr.png]] [[Alt-Right]] - Zoomer version of above. | |||
==Further Reading== | ==Further Reading== | ||
| Line 128: | Line 159: | ||
===Literature=== | ===Literature=== | ||
* Selected Writings: 1913-1926 by Walter Benjamin (1926) | *Selected Writings: 1913-1926 by [[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Walter Benjamin]] (1926) | ||
* Heideggerian Marxism by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1932) | *Heideggerian Marxism by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1932) | ||
* The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction by | *The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction by [[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Walter Benjamin]] (1935) | ||
* Against Epistemology: A Metacritique by | *Against Epistemology: A Metacritique by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1937) | ||
* Punishment and Social Structure by Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer (1939) | *Punishment and Social Structure by Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer (1939) | ||
* Escape from Freedom by Erich | *Escape from Freedom by [[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|Erich Fromm]] (1941) | ||
* Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1941) | *Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1941) | ||
* Eclipse of Reason by Max Horkheimer (1947) | *Eclipse of Reason by [[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Max Horkheimer]] (1947) | ||
* Dialectic of Enlightenment by | *Dialectic of Enlightenment by [[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Max Horkheimer]] and [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1947) | ||
* Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life by | *Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1947) | ||
* Philosophy of Modern Music by | *Philosophy of Modern Music by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1949) | ||
*The Authoritarian Personality by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1950) | |||
* The | *The Stars Down to Earth by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1952) | ||
*Eros And Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry Into Freud by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1955) | |||
* | *Notes to Literature by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1958) | ||
* | *An Introduction to Dialectics by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1958) | ||
*Aesthetics by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1959) | |||
* | *Ontology and Dialectics by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1961) | ||
* | *The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry Into a Category of Bourgeois Society by [[File:Civnat.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Jürgen Habermas]] (1962) | ||
*Philosophical Elements of a Theory of Society by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1964) | |||
* | *The Jargon of Authenticity by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1964) | ||
* | *One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1964) | ||
* | *Lectures on Negative Dialectics by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1965) | ||
*Negative Dialectics by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1966) | |||
* | *The New Music by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1966) | ||
* | *On the Logic of the Social Sciences by [[File:Civnat.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Jürgen Habermas]] (1967) | ||
*Negations: Essays in Critical Theory by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1968) | |||
* | *Knowledge and Human Interests by [[File:Civnat.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Jürgen Habermas]] (1968) | ||
*[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5683972M/An_essay_on_liberation. An Essay On Liberation] by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1969) | |||
* | *Aesthetic Theory by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1970) | ||
* | *Critical Theory: Selected Essays by [[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Max Horkheimer]] (1972) | ||
*The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950 by Martin Jay (1973) | |||
* | *[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7015741W/The_critique_of_domination The Critique of Domination] by [[File:Eco-marxism.png]] [[Eco-Socialism|Trent Schroyer]] | ||
* [ | *[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26636275M/The_aesthetic_dimension_toward_a_critique_of_Marxist_aesthetics The Aesthetic Dimension: Toward A Critique of Marxist Aesthetics] by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1977) | ||
* | *The Essential Marcuse: Selected Writings of Philosopher and Social Critic Herbert Marcuse by Andrew Feenberg and [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1977) | ||
* | *Origin of Negative Dialectics by Susan Buck-Morss (1977) | ||
*The Critical Theory of Religion: The Frankfurt School by Rudolf J. Siebert (1979) | |||
* | *Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas by David Held (1980) | ||
* | *The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, Volume 1 by [[File:Civnat.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Jürgen Habermas]] (1981) | ||
*The Theory of Communicative Action: Lifeworld and Systems, a Critique of Functionalist Reason, Volume 2 by [[File:Civnat.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Jürgen Habermas]] (1981) | |||
* The | *The Idea of a Critical Theory: Habermas and the Frankfurt School by Raymond Guess (1981) | ||
* The | *The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theory and Political Significance by Rolf Wiggershaus (1986) | ||
* | *Critique, Norm, and Utopia: A Study of the Foundations of Critical Theory by Seyla Benhabib (1986) | ||
*A Dictionary of Critical Theory by Ian Buchanan (1991) | |||
* | *Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory by Moishe Postone (1993) | ||
* | *Of Critical Theory and Its Theorists by Stephen Bronner (1994) | ||
* The | *The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts by Axel Honneth (1995) | ||
* | *Adorno: A Critical Introduction by Simon Jarvis (1998) | ||
* | *Max Horkheimer's Critical Theory of Religion: The Meaning of Religion in the Struggle for Human Emancipation by Michael R. Ott (2001) | ||
*Adorno: A Biography by Stefan Müller-Doohm (2004) | |||
* The | *The Cambridge Companion to Adorno by Tom Huhn (2004) | ||
*Adorno's Negative Dialectic: Philosophy and the Possibility of Critical Rationality by Brian O'Connor (2004) | |||
* The | *The Cambridge Companion to Critical Theory by Fred Rush (2004) | ||
* | *Reification: A New Look At An Old Idea by Axel Honneth (2008) | ||
* | *Critical Theory: A Very Short Introduction by Stephen Bronner (2011) | ||
* | *Max Horkheimer and the Foundations of the Frankfurt School by John Abromeit (2011) | ||
* | *Re-Imagining Public Space: The Frankfurt School in the 21st Century by D. Boros and J. Glass (2013) | ||
* | *Philosophy Of Praxis: Marx, Lukacs And The Frankfurt School by Andrew Feenberg (2014) | ||
* | *Autonomy After Auschwitz: Adorno, German Idealism, and Modernity by Martin Shuster (2014) | ||
* Critical Theory | *Critical Theory and the Challenge of Praxis: Beyond Reification by Stefano Giacchetti Ludovisi (2015) | ||
* | *The Highway of Despair: Critical Theory After Hegel by Robyn Marasco (2015) | ||
* | *Grand Hotel Abyss: The Lives of the Frankfurt School by Stuart Jeffries (2016) | ||
* | *Critical Theory and Feeling: The Affective Politics of the Early Frankfurt School by Simon Mussell (2017) | ||
* The | *The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Theory by Michael J. Thompson (2017) | ||
* | *The Routledge Companion to the Frankfurt School by Peter E. Gordon, Espen Hammer, Axel Honneth (2018) | ||
* | *Hegel and the Logic of Decay. A Genealogy of Adorno's Negative Dialectics by Linus Hellwig (2018) | ||
* | *Critical Theory and the Classical World by Martyn Hudson (2018) | ||
* | *Splinters in Your Eye: Frankfurt School Provocations: Essays on the Frankfurt School by Martin Jay (2020) | ||
* | *Hegel and the Frankfurt School: Traditions in Dialogue by Paul Giladi (2020) | ||
*Negative Dialectics and Event: Nonidentity, Culture, and the Historical Adequacy of Consciousness by Vangelis Giannakakis (2004) | |||
===YouTube=== | |||
====Videos==== | |||
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYpLKPJADms The True Origins Of Critical Race Theory] by [[File:Nalib.png]] [[National Liberalism|ShortFatOtaku]] | |||
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2rDu_VUpoJ8 A Guide to Critical Race Theory] by [[File:Soclib.png]] [[Social Liberalism|Ryan Chapman]] | |||
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypOaN9kXnMg Horkheimer and Adorno on Enlightenment] by OverThink Podcast | |||
==Navigation== | ==Navigation== | ||
| Line 203: | Line 240: | ||
{{Navbox/Feminists}} | {{Navbox/Feminists}} | ||
{{Navbox/Socialists}} | {{Navbox/Socialists}} | ||
[[Category:Culturally Left]] | [[Category:Culturally Left]] | ||
[[Category:Internationalists]] | [[Category:Internationalists]] | ||
[[Category:Communists]] | [[Category:Communists]] | ||
Latest revision as of 20:55, 16 November 2024
Frankfurt Socialism is a sausage an economically and culturally left, Marxist ideology based off The Frankfurt School and theorists associated with it. The Frankfurt School is a sociological-philosophical school of 
Neo-Marxist orientation. The original nucleus of this school, made up mostly of 
German philosophers and sociologists, emerged in 1923 in the environment of the newborn "Institute for Social Research" of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main In Germany, under the leadership of the 
Marxist historian Carl Grünberg.
When 
Hitler came to power the Frankfurt School was put in exile. 16 years later, the Frankfurt School would come back and the institute moved to Geneva (in 
Switzerland). The Frankfurt school perspective is based upon Marxist, 
Freudian and 
Hegelian premises of Idealism. To fill the omissions of 19th-century classical Marxism, which did not address 20th-century social problems, they applied the methods of antipositivist sociology, of psychoanalysis, and of existentialism. While some theorists of the institute remained in the 
USA, the Frankfurt School was re-established in West Germany, Frankfurt.
Critical theory
The works of the Frankfurt School are understood in the context of the intellectual and practical objectives of critical theory. Max Horkheimer defined critical theory as social critique meant to effect sociologic change and realize intellectual emancipation, by way of enlightenment that is not dogmatic in its assumptions. Critical theory analyzes the true significance of the ruling understandings (the dominant ideology) generated in bourgeois society in order to show that the dominant ideology misrepresents how human relations occur in the real world and how capitalism justifies and legitimates the domination of people.
Unlike Orthodox Marxism, which applies a template to critique and to action, critical theory is self-critical, with no claim to the universality of absolute truth. As such, it does not grant primacy to matter (materialism) or consciousness (idealism), because each epistemology distorts the reality under study to the benefit of a small group. In practice, critical theory is outside the philosophical strictures of traditional theory; however, as a way of thinking and of recovering humanity's self-knowledge, critical theory draws investigational resources and methods from Marxism.
Dialetics
The Frankfurt School reformulated dialectics into a concrete method of investigation, derived from the Hegelian philosophy that an idea will pass over into its own negation, as the result of conflict between the inherently contradictory aspects of the idea. In opposition to previous modes of reasoning, which viewed things in abstraction, each by itself and as though endowed with fixed properties, Hegelian dialectics considers ideas according to their movement and change in time, according to their interrelations and interactions.
Marx used dialectical analysis to uncover the contradictions in the predominant ideas of society, and in the social relations to which they are linked – exposing the underlying struggle between opposing forces. Only by becoming aware of the dialectic (i.e. class consciousness) of such opposing forces in a struggle for power can men and women intellectually liberate themselves, and change the existing social order through social progress.
The Frankfurt School understood that a dialectical method could only be adopted if it could be applied to itself; if they adopted a self-correcting method – a dialectical method that would enable the correction of previous, false interpretations of the dialectical investigation. Accordingly, critical theory rejected the historicism and materialism of Orthodox Marxism.
Critique of Western civilization
The second phase of Frankfurt School critical theory centres principally on two works: Adorno and Horkheimer's Dialectic of Enlightenment (1944) and Adorno's Minima Moralia (1951). While retaining much of a Marxian analysis, these works critical shifted emphasis from a critique of capitalism to a critique of Western civilization, as seen in Dialectic of Enlightenment, which uses the Odyssey as a paradigm for their analysis of bourgeois consciousness. Their exposition of the domination of nature as a central characteristic of instrumental rationality in Western civilization was made long before ecology and environmentalism became popular concerns.
Consequently, at a time when it appears that reality itself has become the basis for ideology, the greatest contribution that critical theory can make is to explore the dialectical contradictions of individual subjective experience on the one hand, and to preserve the truth of theory on the other. Even dialectical progress is put into doubt: "its truth or untruth is not inherent in the method itself, but in its intention in the historical process." This intention must be oriented toward integral freedom and happiness: "The only philosophy which can be responsibly practiced in face of despair is the attempt to contemplate all things as they would present themselves from the standpoint of redemption." Adorno distanced himself from the "optimism" of orthodox Marxism: "beside the demand thus placed on thought, the question of the reality or unreality of redemption [i.e. human emancipation] itself hardly matters.
From a sociological point of view, Horkheimer's and Adorno's works contain an ambivalence concerning the ultimate source or foundation of social domination, an ambivalence that gave rise to the "pessimism" of the new critical theory over the possibility of human emancipation and freedom. This ambivalence was rooted in the historical circumstances in which the work was originally produced, in particular, the rise of National Socialism, state capitalism, and mass culture as entirely new forms of social domination that could not be adequately explained within the terms of traditional Marxist sociology.
For Adorno and Horkheimer, state intervention in the economy had effectively abolished the tension in capitalism between the "relations of production" and "material productive forces of society"—a tension that, according to traditional Marxist theory, constituted the primary contradiction within capitalism. The previously "free" market (as an "unconscious" mechanism for the distribution of goods) and "irrevocable" private property of Marx's epoch gradually have been replaced by the more central role of management hierarchies at the firm level and macroeconomic interventions at the state level in contemporary Western societies. The dialectic through which Marx predicted the emancipation of modern society is suppressed, effectively being subjugated to a positivist rationality of domination.
How to draw
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| White | #FFFFFF | 255, 255, 255 | |
| Red | #FF0000 | 255, 0, 0 | |
| Gold | #FBDF00 | 251, 223, 0 | |
| Darker Red | #DE0010 | 222, 0, 16 | |
Relationships
Friends
Libertarian Marxism - A very good friend.
Situationism - We share many similarities in thought.
Neo-Marxism - My older brother. He influenced me greatly and it’s always a joy working with him.
Progressivism - A very popular fellow who takes many of my ideas, though you’re too moderate.
Anti-Fascism - More radical version of the last guy, just make sure you keep distancing yourself from 
him.
Frenemies
Maoism - I don’t quite know what to make of him. Some of my theorists loved him, others detested him.
Anarcho-Communism - You're cool and all, but Anarchism is childish and delusional.
Marxism–Leninism - Thanks for spreading socialism, but you're still too authoritarian for my likings.
Enemies
Conservatism - A braindead racist who willfully misinterprets my ideas to spread propaganda.
Reactionaryism - Same as the above but on steroids. And you oppose the enlightenment, for the COMPLETELY wrong reasons.
Neoreactionaryism - Same as above but geek, your political theories are retarded you little shit.
Reactionary Liberalism and Neoliberalism - The most horrible products of liberalism.
Neoconservatism - Army of western liberal chauvinist hawks using the excuse of "freedom and tolerance" for brutalize people that they label as no good.
Enlightenment Thought - Nothing but a false promise that led to 
Totalitarianism. Has nothing to do with whatever they're saying- Totalitarianism - The result of the Enlightenment Thought.
Petersonism - A horrible "intellectual" that represents all that I oppose.
Alt-Lite - Zoomer fans of above.
Freiburg School 
- They sometimes compare us but you're only a German delayer of socialism.
Conservative Socialism - Quit calling me a radlib!
Pragerism - My american opposite.
Traditionalism - An excuse to enslave and oppress the lower classes.
Hobbesianism - An enlightened intellectual that proff by points.
Racism - Pseudocientific garbage to discriminate and ostratice against minorities.
White Nationalism - Product of above.
Alt-Right - Zoomer version of above.
Further Reading
Wikipedia
Literature
- Selected Writings: 1913-1926 by
Walter Benjamin (1926) - Heideggerian Marxism by
Herbert Marcuse (1932) - The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction by Walter Benjamin (1935)
- Against Epistemology: A Metacritique by
Theodor W. Adorno (1937) - Punishment and Social Structure by Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer (1939)
- Escape from Freedom by
Erich Fromm (1941) - Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory by Herbert Marcuse (1941)
- Eclipse of Reason by Max Horkheimer (1947)
- Dialectic of Enlightenment by Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno (1947)
- Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life by Theodor W. Adorno (1947)
- Philosophy of Modern Music by Theodor W. Adorno (1949)
- The Authoritarian Personality by Theodor W. Adorno (1950)
- The Stars Down to Earth by Theodor W. Adorno (1952)
- Eros And Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry Into Freud by Herbert Marcuse (1955)
- Notes to Literature by Theodor W. Adorno (1958)
- An Introduction to Dialectics by Theodor W. Adorno (1958)
- Aesthetics by Theodor W. Adorno (1959)
- Ontology and Dialectics by Theodor W. Adorno (1961)
- The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry Into a Category of Bourgeois Society by
Jürgen Habermas (1962) - Philosophical Elements of a Theory of Society by Theodor W. Adorno (1964)
- The Jargon of Authenticity by Theodor W. Adorno (1964)
- One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society by Herbert Marcuse (1964)
- Lectures on Negative Dialectics by Theodor W. Adorno (1965)
- Negative Dialectics by Theodor W. Adorno (1966)
- The New Music by Theodor W. Adorno (1966)
- On the Logic of the Social Sciences by Jürgen Habermas (1967)
- Negations: Essays in Critical Theory by Herbert Marcuse (1968)
- Knowledge and Human Interests by Jürgen Habermas (1968)
- An Essay On Liberation by Herbert Marcuse (1969)
- Aesthetic Theory by Theodor W. Adorno (1970)
- Critical Theory: Selected Essays by Max Horkheimer (1972)
- The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950 by Martin Jay (1973)
- The Critique of Domination by
Trent Schroyer - The Aesthetic Dimension: Toward A Critique of Marxist Aesthetics by Herbert Marcuse (1977)
- The Essential Marcuse: Selected Writings of Philosopher and Social Critic Herbert Marcuse by Andrew Feenberg and Herbert Marcuse (1977)
- Origin of Negative Dialectics by Susan Buck-Morss (1977)
- The Critical Theory of Religion: The Frankfurt School by Rudolf J. Siebert (1979)
- Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas by David Held (1980)
- The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, Volume 1 by Jürgen Habermas (1981)
- The Theory of Communicative Action: Lifeworld and Systems, a Critique of Functionalist Reason, Volume 2 by Jürgen Habermas (1981)
- The Idea of a Critical Theory: Habermas and the Frankfurt School by Raymond Guess (1981)
- The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theory and Political Significance by Rolf Wiggershaus (1986)
- Critique, Norm, and Utopia: A Study of the Foundations of Critical Theory by Seyla Benhabib (1986)
- A Dictionary of Critical Theory by Ian Buchanan (1991)
- Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory by Moishe Postone (1993)
- Of Critical Theory and Its Theorists by Stephen Bronner (1994)
- The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts by Axel Honneth (1995)
- Adorno: A Critical Introduction by Simon Jarvis (1998)
- Max Horkheimer's Critical Theory of Religion: The Meaning of Religion in the Struggle for Human Emancipation by Michael R. Ott (2001)
- Adorno: A Biography by Stefan Müller-Doohm (2004)
- The Cambridge Companion to Adorno by Tom Huhn (2004)
- Adorno's Negative Dialectic: Philosophy and the Possibility of Critical Rationality by Brian O'Connor (2004)
- The Cambridge Companion to Critical Theory by Fred Rush (2004)
- Reification: A New Look At An Old Idea by Axel Honneth (2008)
- Critical Theory: A Very Short Introduction by Stephen Bronner (2011)
- Max Horkheimer and the Foundations of the Frankfurt School by John Abromeit (2011)
- Re-Imagining Public Space: The Frankfurt School in the 21st Century by D. Boros and J. Glass (2013)
- Philosophy Of Praxis: Marx, Lukacs And The Frankfurt School by Andrew Feenberg (2014)
- Autonomy After Auschwitz: Adorno, German Idealism, and Modernity by Martin Shuster (2014)
- Critical Theory and the Challenge of Praxis: Beyond Reification by Stefano Giacchetti Ludovisi (2015)
- The Highway of Despair: Critical Theory After Hegel by Robyn Marasco (2015)
- Grand Hotel Abyss: The Lives of the Frankfurt School by Stuart Jeffries (2016)
- Critical Theory and Feeling: The Affective Politics of the Early Frankfurt School by Simon Mussell (2017)
- The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Theory by Michael J. Thompson (2017)
- The Routledge Companion to the Frankfurt School by Peter E. Gordon, Espen Hammer, Axel Honneth (2018)
- Hegel and the Logic of Decay. A Genealogy of Adorno's Negative Dialectics by Linus Hellwig (2018)
- Critical Theory and the Classical World by Martyn Hudson (2018)
- Splinters in Your Eye: Frankfurt School Provocations: Essays on the Frankfurt School by Martin Jay (2020)
- Hegel and the Frankfurt School: Traditions in Dialogue by Paul Giladi (2020)
- Negative Dialectics and Event: Nonidentity, Culture, and the Historical Adequacy of Consciousness by Vangelis Giannakakis (2004)
YouTube
Videos
- The True Origins Of Critical Race Theory by
ShortFatOtaku - A Guide to Critical Race Theory by
Ryan Chapman - Horkheimer and Adorno on Enlightenment by OverThink Podcast
 Feminists - Fighting sexism 
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 Liberal Feminism •  Conservative Feminism  • Feminism •  Marxist Feminism  •  Anarcha-Feminism •  Ecofeminism •  Libertarian Feminism •  Pacifist Feminism
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