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Anti-Communism is the political and ideological resistance to communist ideologies, organizations, and individuals. Following the 1917 October Revolution in the Russian Empire, organized anti-communism emerged and expanded to a worldwide scale during the Cold War, a fierce rivalry between the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination US and the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination USSR. A wide range of political ideologies and movements, such as Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination anarchism (especially Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination right-wing anarchists), Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination centrism, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination conservatism, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination fascism, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination liberalism, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination nationalism, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination social democracy, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination socialism, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination leftism, and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination libertarianism, as well as large-scale movements opposing communist rule, have elements of anti-communism. Along with art and literature, anti-communism has also been voiced by a number of Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination religious groups.

History

North America

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Anti-communism in the United States surged during the Cold War era (1947-1991), characterized by intense ideological and geopolitical rivalry between the US and the Soviet Union. It manifested in various forms:

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Red Scare

In the early Cold War period, particularly in the late 1940s and early 1950s, there was a widespread fear of communist infiltration into American society. This led to the infamous era of McCarthyism, named after Senator Joseph McCarthy, who led efforts to root out suspected communists and sympathizers in the government, entertainment industry, and academia.

South America

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Anti-communism was a significant ideological force during Brazil's military dictatorship (1964-1985). The military regime justified its authoritarian rule by framing it as a defense against communism. This period saw repression of leftist movements, censorship, and human rights abuses.

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Similarly, in Chile, under the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990), anti-communism was used to suppress political opposition, resulting in widespread human rights violations and persecution of left-wing groups.

Europe

Eastern Europe

Anti-communism was a major force in countries under Soviet control post-World War II. Movements for independence and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination democracy often had anti-communist elements, culminating in the collapse of communist regimes in 1989-1991.

Western Europe

Cold War tensions fueled anti-communist policies and alliances within Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination NATO. Countries like Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination West Germany and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination France opposed Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Soviet influence and supported anti-communist movements in Eastern Europe.

Asia

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Anti-communism became central to South Korean politics after the Korean War (1950-1953). The government, backed by the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination US, viewed Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination North Korea as a communist threat, leading to authoritarian measures against leftist movements.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Vietnam Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

During the Vietnam War (1955-1975), the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination US supported Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination South Vietnam in a bid to prevent communist takeover by Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination North Vietnam. Anti-communism shaped US policy and military involvement in the region.

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In Japan, anti-communism was influenced by the country's close ties with the United States during the Cold War. Japan's anti-communist stance was reflected in its foreign policy, alliance with the US, and economic development strategy in East Asia.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination China Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

China's anti-communism was primarily directed towards Soviet-style communism during the Cold War. The Sino-Soviet split and China's alignment with the United States against the Soviet Union shaped its foreign policy and domestic propaganda.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Indonesia Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Indonesia experienced anti-communist sentiments during the Cold War, particularly under President Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Sukarno and later under Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Suharto's New Order regime. The anti-communist purge in the mid-1960s resulted in significant political repression and human rights abuses, targeting suspected Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination communists and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination leftist sympathizers.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Philippines Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

The Philippines also faced anti-communist policies during the Cold War era, influenced by Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination US Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination military presence and alliance. Anti-communism shaped Philippine domestic politics, security policies, and relations with neighboring Southeast Asian countries.

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India's approach to communism was nuanced, with the Communist Party of India (CPI) participating in democratic politics. India's anti-communist stance during the Cold War influenced its foreign policy alignment, particularly in relation to the Non-Aligned Movement and its approach to global conflicts.

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Afghanistan's anti-communism emerged during the Soviet invasion in 1979. Afghan resistance to Soviet-backed communist regime led to a prolonged conflict, with the United States and other Western countries supporting anti-communist Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination mujahideen groups.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Cambodia Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Cambodia experienced anti-communist sentiments under the Khmer Rouge regime, which was opposed to communist influences from Vietnam. Impact: The Khmer Rouge's extreme anti-communist policies resulted in widespread atrocities and the deaths of millions during their rule in the late 1970s.

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Myanmar's anti-communism was influenced by regional conflicts and internal security concerns. The military junta's anti-communist stance shaped Myanmar's political landscape and relations with neighboring countries.

MENA

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Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser positioned itself against both colonial powers and communist influence, promoting Arab nationalism. Nasser's regime aligned with the non-aligned movement but also received support from the Soviet Union for economic and military aid. In the 1950s and 1960s, Nasser's government suppressed communist parties and leftist movements, viewing them as threats to stability.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Iran Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Before the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran under Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was a key ally of the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination United States in the region. The Shah's regime implemented strong anti-communist policies, targeting Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination leftist groups. The 1979 Revolution led by Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah's regime, which had been perceived as Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination pro-Western and anti-communist.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Iraq Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

The Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Ba'ath Party under Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Saddam Hussein espoused Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Arab nationalism and anti-communist policies. Saddam Hussein's regime persecuted communist and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination leftist groups, often violently suppressing Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination dissent. Despite initial Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Soviet support during the Iran-Iraq War, Iraq under Saddam Hussein shifted towards a more Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination pro-Western stance after the Gulf War in 1990-91.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Syria Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

The Ba'ath Party in Syria, similar to Iraq, adopted anti-communist positions while promoting Arab socialism. The Syrian Ba'athist regime, particularly under Hafez al-Assad, cracked down on leftist and communist opposition, consolidating power.

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Saudi Arabia Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination maintained close ties with the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination United States during the Cold War, aligning against Soviet influence. While not directly anti-communist in ideological terms, Saudi Arabia's strict Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Islamic conservatism positioned it against Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination secular Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination socialist and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination communist movements.

Libya

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Muammar Gaddafi's regime in Libya initially pursued a Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination socialist path but distanced itself from Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Soviet influence in favor of Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Arab nationalism. Gaddafi's government shifted alliances over time, including seeking closer ties with Western countries despite Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination initial anti-imperialist and anti-colonial rhetoric.

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During the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), various factions, including leftist and communist groups, were involved in the conflict alongside anti-communist factions aligned with different regional and international powers.

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Jordan maintained a pro-Western stance during the Cold War under King Hussein, opposing both communist influence and radical leftist movements.

Oceania

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Australia was a staunch ally of the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination United States during the Cold War. The Australian government implemented policies to counter perceived communist threats domestically and supported Western anti-communist efforts globally. Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War was partly motivated by anti-communist sentiments and commitments to collective security agreements.

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New Zealand aligned with Western allies, particularly the United States, during the Cold War. New Zealand also implemented measures to counter communist influence domestically and supported Western anti-communist initiatives internationally.

Africa

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During apartheid (1948-1994), the South African government used anti-communism to justify racial segregation and repression of anti-apartheid movements, often portraying opponents as communist sympathizers.

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In Angola, anti-communism was a factor in the civil war (1975-2002), with the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination US and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination South Africa supporting anti-communist factions against the Soviet-backed MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola).

Beliefs

Opposition to Marxism and Leninism

Anti-communism fundamentally rejects the ideologies developed by Karl Marx and further refined by Vladimir Lenin, which advocate for the overthrow of capitalism through proletarian revolution and the establishment of a classless society.

Private Property Rights

Anti-communism advocates for the protection of private property rights. It opposes communist ideologies that seek to abolish private ownership of the means of production and instead supports the rights of individuals to own and control their property.

Defense of Capitalism

Anti-communism often champions the principles of capitalism, including private property rights, free markets, and individual economic freedom. It views communism as a threat to these values.

Promotion of Democracy

Many anti-communists believe in democratic governance and see communism as incompatible with pluralistic political systems and representative government.

Nationalism and Patriotism

In some contexts, anti-communism aligns with nationalist sentiments and patriotic ideologies, emphasizing the defense of national sovereignty and cultural identity against perceived communist threats.



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