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*[[File:Statlib.png]] [[State Liberalism]] - This is the future that [[File:NeoLibtard.png]] neolibtards and [[File:Cult(((Marx)).png]] Cultural Marxists want!
*[[File:Statlib.png]] [[State Liberalism]] - This is the future that [[File:NeoLibtard.png]] neolibtards and [[File:Cult(((Marx)).png]] Cultural Marxists want!
*[[File:Liberalconservative.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism]] - RINO trash!
*[[File:Liberalconservative.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism]] - RINO trash!
*[[File:Progconf.png]] [[Progressive Conservatism]] - Guess what guys, it's RINO hunting season!
*[[File:Progcon.png]] [[Progressive Conservatism]] - Guess what guys, it's RINO hunting season!
*[[File:Rockrep.png]] [[Rockefeller Republicanism]] - You paved the way for those RINOs and you're not even a conservative!
*[[File:Rockrep.png]] [[Rockefeller Republicanism]] - You paved the way for those RINOs and you're not even a conservative!
*[[File:Hcon.png]] [[Homoconservatism]] - There's no such thing as a traditionalist f*g. Stop normalizing your sodomy propaganda to our children, you're not a real conservative, you are a RINO!
*[[File:Hcon.png]] [[Homoconservatism]] - There's no such thing as a traditionalist f*g. Stop normalizing your sodomy propaganda to our children, you're not a real conservative, you are a RINO!
*[[File:NatProg-0.png]] [[Bull Moose Progressivism]] - [[File:Liberalconservative.png]] [[File:Progconf.png]] [[File:Rockrep.png]] [[File:LogCabin.png]] These RINOs exist, thanks to you, imperialist cuck! <s>I do agree that we need to be sympathetic to the environment, though the government should stay out of it.</s>
*[[File:NatProg-0.png]] [[Bull Moose Progressivism]] - [[File:Liberalconservative.png]] [[File:Progcon.png]] [[File:Rockrep.png]] [[File:LogCabin.png]] These RINOs exist, thanks to you, imperialist cuck! <s>I do agree that we need to be sympathetic to the environment, though the government should stay out of it.</s>
*[[File:Fem.png]] [[Feminism]] - Kitchen is where you belong, female. Also, women shouldn't say bad words; RT if you agree.
*[[File:Fem.png]] [[Feminism]] - Kitchen is where you belong, female. Also, women shouldn't say bad words; RT if you agree.
*[[File:Confem.png]] [[Conservative Feminism]] - "Thank conservatism for women's rights"? WTF I'm a liberal now!
*[[File:Confem.png]] [[Conservative Feminism]] - "Thank conservatism for women's rights"? WTF I'm a liberal now!

Latest revision as of 17:10, 11 November 2024


Paleoconservatism, shortened to Paleocon is a statist, conservative, economically and socially right-wing to far-right political ideology. It originated in the United States and stresses WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) ethics, Nationalism, Paternalism, Regionalism, and Traditionalism. It sometimes overlaps with the Old Right, who were Conservatives who opposed the New Deal in the 30s and 40s.[10] Paleoconservatives also overlap with Paleolibertarians[7][8] and Right-Wing Populists.[11]

Economically, although Paleoconservatism is in support of a market economy, they are also staunch Protectionists, in favor of high tariffs and advocate for "economic Nationalism" in different measures & policies, varying from paleocon to paleocon. Paleoconservatism also opposes the Interventionist foreign policies advocated for by Neoconservatives, in fact Paleoconservatives are almost the complete opposite of Neoconservatives.

They also support heavy restrictions on immigration, Decentralization, Isolationism, and a return to traditional ethics & morals relating to gender, culture, and society. This includes opposition to abortion, gay marriage, LGBT rights,[12] etc.[13]

This is often due to Paleoconservatism having a massive overlap with Christian Right, and as such having a traditional Christian view of these issues. The Evangelical movement and Conservative Christianity, in general, is an enormous reason for Paleoconservatism's popularity. Because of the ideological common ground between Paleoconservatives and the Christian Right, it is more often than not that Christian Conservatives are Paleocons and vice versa. While one can be an agnostic or even atheistic Paleocon, it is usually through religion that Paleoconservatives reach their views.

Paleoconservatives see Neoconservatives as Empire-builders, and themselves as defenders of the American Republic.[14]

History

The Old Right

Paleoconservatism is derived from the "Old Right" movement from the 1910s-1950s, who were a group of Conservatives, mainly Republicans but also some conservative Democrats from the south, unified by their opposition to Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal. They typically favored Laissez-Faire economics and shared ideals such as a defense of "Natural Inequalities", Authority, Traditionalism, Morality, Rule of Law, Nationalism, Anti-Communism, Anti-Masonry, Anti-Zionism, and Anti-Imperialism, as well as skepticism of the growing power of Washington. They came into being when the Republican Party split in 1910 and were influential within that party into the 1940s. They pushed Theodore Roosevelt and his progressive followers out in 1912. From 1933, many Democrats became associated with the Old Right through their opposition to Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal Coalition, and with the Republicans formed the Conservative Coalition to block its further progress. Conservatives disagreed on foreign policy, and the Old Right favored non-interventionist policies on Europe at the start of World War II. After the war, they opposed President Harry Truman's domestic and foreign policies. The last major battle was led by Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft, who was defeated by Dwight D Eisenhower for the presidential nomination in 1952. The new conservative movement later led by William F. Buckley, Jr., Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan adopted much of the domestic anti-New Deal conservatism of the Old Right but broke with it by demanding free trade and an aggressive anti-communist foreign policy.

Modern Origins

The terms " Neoconservative" and "Paleoconservative" were coined due to the division in American Conservatism concerning the Vietnam War between the Interventionists and the Isolationists. Those in favor of the Vietnam War continuing, were referred to as " Neoconservatives" (or "War Hawks": foreign Interventionists) while those who opposed the war were called "Paleoconservatives" (foreign Isolationist/ Nationalists).[15][16][17]

Notable Paleoconservative politicians/figures include Pat Buchanan[18], Paul Gottfried, Alex Jones, Tucker Carlson and Mel Bradford to name a few. Despite many misconceptions, Ronald Reagan was not a Paleoconservative. He was an average conservative politician, who was actually closer in belief to Neoconservatism or Neoliberalism, if anything (although Reagan was greatly influenced by Pat Buchanan's beliefs).

Revival

Paleoconservatism has seen a revival as of late, with the election of 45th US president Donald J. Trump. Though many Paleocon's view of Trump as a sort of fake nationalist due to his rigorous support of Israel, Interventionism, failure to deliver on many of his campaign promises (notably the wall along the Mexican border), and concessions to progressive causes such as LGBT rights (outside of trans people). Regardless of how Trump himself is categorized, others regard Trumpism as supported by, if not a rebranding of, Paleoconservatism. From this view, the followers of the old right did not fade away so easily and continue to have significant influence in the Republican Party and all of American politics.

Recently, Paleoconservatism has also seen a mass resurgence in the online Conservative community in the form of the America First "Groyper" movement, founded by Nicholas J. Fuentes. In fact, Nick Fuentes runs a political commentary show by the same name, "America First" on his own website after being banned from nearly all social media (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Dlive, Instagram, TikTok, etc). for his political views, solidifying his status as a member of the "dissonant right". He is currently, one of the only major & mainstream Paleoconservative political commentators/activists, currently online. In addition, Don Blankenship, the presidential nominee for the Paleoconservative Constitution Party, ran for president in 2020.

Additionally, other political "influencers" have risen to prominence championing platforms of paleoconservatism on social media. Notably, John Doyle, host of the YouTube show known as "Heck Off, Commie," has gained a prominent following for the paleoconservative movement through his video essays and political content. From Doyle's influence, many other paleoconservative influencers have created specialized pockets to contribute to the overall movement's growth. Notably, Red Eagles Politics, Alex Stein, Vince Dao, American Virtue, Elijah Schaffer, and so on are all influencers mobilized by the impact of Doyle.

Influence in other political ideologies

Evangelicalism/The Christian Right

The Christian right, or Christian Conservatism, is a Christian political faction that is characterized by their strong support of socially conservative and traditionalist policies. Christian conservatives seek to influence politics and public policy with their interpretation of the teachings of Christianity.

In the United States, the Christian right is an informal coalition formed around a core of largely conservative evangelical Protestants and Roman Catholics. The Christian right draws additional support from other politically conservative Christians, such as Orthodox Christians and Mormons. The movement has its roots in American politics going back as far as the 1940s; it has been especially influential since the 1970s. Its influence draws from grassroots activism as well as from a focus on social issues and the ability to motivate the electorate around those issues.

The Christian right is notable for advancing socially conservative positions on issues such as school prayer, intelligent design, temperance, Christian nationalism, and Sunday Sabbatarianism, as well as opposition to embryonic stem cell research, LGBT+ rights, comprehensive sex education, abortion, and pornography.

It is worth noting that it is possible to be a member of the Christian Right and support neoconservatism, but it is variable.

Alt-Right

The Alt-Right movement emerged from the Paleoconservatives, the younger generation of them, specifically. The movement was founded in 2010 by a former Paleoconservative and American White Nationalist, Richard B. Spencer who launched The Alternative Right to express his personal ideals after working as an editor for a number of Paleoconservative outlets. But the movement was not only influenced by Paleoconservatism, it also was inspired by the Dark Enlightenment, and the Nouvelle Droite.

Paleolibertarians

The Paleoconservatives also greatly inspired the Paleolibertarian movement. It was the result of a political strategy of Rothbard which was allying with Paleoconservative and Old-Right sectors trying to expand Libertarian ideals among them while also using this alliance to appeal towards the Conservative populace of the US. This alliance was criticized by some mainstream Libertarians and also some non-Libertarian circles as trying to ally with racist and reactionary groups, to which Rothbard responded saying that libertarians needed to make themselves look more acceptable to Conservatives.

Many Libertarians such as Lew Rockwell,[19] being the main among them, but also others such as Jeffrey Tucker started identifying with the term. The alliance ultimately broke up after Rothbard, who was the only tie between Paleoconservatives and Libertarians, died in the year 1995. Lew Rockwell, on the other hand, kept identified with the term until 2007 when he declared to have dropped the usage of the said term in part because people confused it with Paleoconservatism[20] (That is, the term didn't have its own identity), and because Rockwell realized that the Paleoconservative movement tended to decrease freedom, not increase it.[21]

Variants

Buchananism

Buchananism is a variant of paleoconservatism based on the ideology of American political commentator and longtime consultant, Pat Buchanan. He was a special advisor to presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan. He is a significant figure in the paleoconservative movement and his writings, morals, and ideas continue to influence many paleoconservatives. He ran for president three times: in 1992, 1996, and 2000.

Buchanan became harshly critical of George H.W. Bush after he broke his "Read my lips: no new taxes" pledge. He ran for president in 1992, campaigning on a platform on militant social conservatism and anti-multiculturalism, including opposition to abortion, LGBT+ rights and positive discrimination, also on fiscal conservatism, fair-trade, Anti-Cronyism and Non-Interventionism. He lost the Republican primaries and subsequently threw his support behind Bush.

In 1996, Buchanan ran for the Republican nomination for president again, but this time, he actually won the Republican primaries in Alaska, Louisiana, Missouri, and New Hampshire. In February, of that year the Center for Public Integrity issued a report stating Buchanan's presidential campaign co-chairman, Larry Pratt, appeared at two meetings organized by white supremacists. Pratt denied any ties to racism and defended his speech, according to a Rolling Stone Magazine article: "I myself would also talk to white nationalists and neo-Nazi groups. I talk to liberal groups, but people don't accuse me of being liberal. I wash all that off at home. It's important to talk to anyone who will listen."[22]

In 1999, Buchanan left the Republican Party and switched to the Reform Party. In 2000, he ran for president for the third time, running on a vividly anti-abortion, anti-NAFTA, non-interventionist, anti-immigration, and anti-LGBT+ rights platform. He won the Reform primaries and chose former schoolteacher Ezola B. Foster as his running mate. They lost the general election, finishing fourth with 0.8% of the vote. Following the 2000 Presidential Election, Reformers urged Buchanan to take an active role in the party. Buchanan declined, though he did attend the 2001 Reform National Convention. He left the Reform Party and returned to the Republican Party in 2004, shortly before the 2004 Presidential Election. However, Buchanan stated that he was no longer interested in running again.

In 2002, he co-founded The American Conservative magazine and since 2006, he has contributed to VDARE, a white nationalist website.

In 2016, Buchanan supported the presidential nomination of Donald Trump, who was running on a similar platform to Buchanan's.

The Anti-Defamation League described Buchanan as an "unrepentant bigot" who "repeatedly demonizes Jews and minorities and openly affiliates with white supremacists".[23]

Carlsonism

Carlsonism, also known as Tuckerism, is an AuthUnity variant of paleoconservatism based on the ideology of Fox News host, Tucker Carlson. Carlson has been the host of Tucker Carlson Tonight, his titular Fox News program, since 2016.

A right-wing populist, Carlson supports economic nationalism and non-interventionism while opposing abortion, feminism, multiculturalism, the death penalty, gun control, the scientific consensus on climate change, COVID-19 restrictions, and corporatocracy.

Early Media Career

Carlson began his media career in 1990s, initiallt working as a fact checker for Policy Review, a journal published by The Heritage Foundation. He then claimed a role as an opinion writer at the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette newspaper before joining The Weekly Standard news magazine in 1995. Carlson went for a role for the publication after hearing of its founding, fearing being referred to as a wingnut if he instead joined The American Spectator.

Carlson later worked for CNN from 2000-2005 where he co-hosted The Spin Room and Crossfire, PBS from 2004-2005 when he ran Tucker Carlson: Unfiltered with the intention of shifting the media outlet to the right, and MSNBC from 2005-2008 where he hosted his early evening show Tucker (originally titled The Situation With Tucker Carlson) though it got cancelled by the network on March 10, 2008, due to low ratings.

Joining Fox News

In 2009, Carlson joined the conservative news network, Fox News, initially appearing as a frequent guest on the late-night program, Red Eye w/Greg Gutfeld, as well as the All-Star Panel segment of Special Report with Bret Baier in addition to being a substitute host for Hannity in case of Sean Hannity's absence. He also hosted a special entitled Fighting for Our Children's Minds in September 2010. In April 2013, Carlson replaced Dave Briggs as a co-host of the early morning weekend program, Fox & Friends Weekend.

Tucker Carlson Tonight

On November 14, 2016, Carlson launched Tucker Carlson Tonight. Replacing On the Record, the premiere episode become the network's most-watched telecast of the year within the time slot, with 3.7 million viewers. By June 2020, it had, after going up and down multiple times, become the highest-rated cable news show in the United States. By October of the same year, the show averaged 5.3 million viewers, the highest of any news cable news program. Following the aftermath of the 2020 Presidential Election, it saw a slight dip in viewership, primarily among 25-54-year-olds. Following the inauguration of Joe Biden, it reclaimed the lead among the same age group, in addition to being the only cable news program not to see a drop in viewership. In May 2022, it narrowly placed second, slightly trailing The Five although it retained its lead among viewers aged 25-54.

Political Positions

From the 1980s to the mid-2010s, Carlson supported laissez-faire economics. In 1988 and 2008, he supported Ron Paul's presidency. In 2004, Carlson stated that he opposed seat belt laws and smoking bans. Since 2018, his economic views became more populist and began criticizing Libertarianism.

Carlson opposes abortion, stating that it is the only political issue that he considers non-negotiable. He also opposes feminism and associated LGBT+ people with the political left, where he would later face allegations of sexism and homophobia, especially after using sexist and homophobic slurs.

Carlson opposes gun control, including the assault weapons ban. He aired segments defending Kyle Rittenhouse, a 17-year-old who shot 3 protesters who attacked him, 2 fatally, in August 2020 in confrontations during the Kenosha unrest after the police shooting of Jacob Blake, an African American man. Rittenhouse was later found not guilty on all charges.

Carlson initially aired segments that warned viewers about COVID-19 and allegedly influenced then-president Donald Trump to take the virus more seriously. However, by May 2020, he began to question the severity of the virus and started to oppose COVID-19 restrictions and protocols such as lockdowns, social distancing, and mask mandates. In 2021 and 2022, he cast doubt on the effectiveness of masks and vaccines and blamed Anthony Fauci for contributing to the creation of the virus. Carlson has touted the anti-parasite medication ivermectin as a possible COVID-19 treatment, though the FDA has warned against its use. He has ridiculed people who wore masks outdoors, calling them "zealots and neurotics", and believed that children wearing masks were child abuse.

In September 2020, around two months before the general election, Carlson told viewers that Democrats were promoting mail-in voting to create uncertainty and warned of alleged voter fraud. After Joe Biden won the election, Carlson escalated his false allegations of voter fraud. In February 2021, around a month after the January 6 United States Capitol attack, after U.S. attorney general nominee Merrick Garland pledged at his confirmation hearing to supervise the prosecution of "white supremacists and others" who participated in the attack, Carlson denied that supremacists were involved. PolitiFact rated his claim false since several rioters are confirmed to have ties with white supremacist groups. In June 2021, Carlson promoted a conspiracy theory that alleged that January 6 storming was a "false flag" FBI operation intended to "suppress political dissent". In February 2022, the Republican National Committee called the January 6 Capitol attack "legitimate political discourse" and censured then-Representatives Liz Cheney and Adam Kinzinger.

Carlson supported Donald Trump's expansion of the Mexico-United States barrier, dictating a well was necessary to "restore sovereignty" to the border. He is a heavy critic of immigration, opposing both illegal and legal immigration. Carlson is critical of Islam and has hosted guests who do the same. White grievance politics is a common theme in Carlson's commentary. Some sources such as CNN and The Washington Post have accused Carlson of being racist. Carlson has repeatedly denied any accusations of racism.

In 2019, several days after a mass shooting in El Paso, Texas that resulted in 23 people killed and an additional 23 individuals wounded, which was a committed by an Eco-Fascist who released a hispanophobic manifesto where he complained of a "Hispanic invasion" as well as the promotion of the Great Replacement and White Genocide conspiracy theories on 8chan, Carlson dismissed white supremacy as a "hoax" and "a conspiracy theory used to divide the country and keep a hold on power".[24]

In May 2022, after a mass shooting left 10 people killed and another 3 wounded, in which the shooter cited the Great Replacement and White Genocide conspiracy theories in a manifesto that blamed blacks he posted on 4chan, Carlson claimed that he was unfamiliar with the conspiracies, despite previously mentioning them by name on his show and alleged the idea of forced demographic change by Democrats and "the left" over 400 times on his show.[25]

Greeneism

Greeneism, another offshoot of Trumpism, is based on the political beliefs of Georgia congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene. Greene won her congressional seat in 2020 in a landslide victory, running as a staunch supporter of Trump despite not officially being endorsed by him.

She identifies as a Christian nationalist and has declared her intention to push the Republican Party further right. She has previously expressed belief in QAnon conspiracy theories and has linked the Democratic Party to "Child Sex, Satanism, and the Occult", she distanced herself from QAnon once she started running for Congress.

Greene holds paleoconservative views, strongly opposing abortion, Black Lives Matter, Covid-19 restrictions, LGBT+ rights, NATO, neoconservatism, and Zionism.

On her first day of office, she wore a "Trump won" mask, and on the second day of Joe Biden's presidency, she filed articles of impeachment against him, alleging abuse of power. Greene was briefly a member of the Committee on the Budget and the Committee on Education and Labor before she was removed from all committee assignments on February 4, 2021, for remarks she had made against African Americans, Jews, and Muslims prior to her election.

In February 2022, Greene was a surprise guest speaker at a white nationalist political conference hosted by Nick Fuentes.

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Greene allegedly promoted Russian propaganda and praised Vladimir Putin.

Groyperism

Groyperism, another offshoot of Paleoconservatism, represents the ideology of American white supremacist, political commentator, and live streamer, Nicholas J. Fuentes as well as his followers, referred to as "Groypers". The Groypers are extremely conservative and critical of more mainstream conservative organizations, which they believe to be insufficiently nationalist and pro-white. The group opposes immigration, Zionism, Globalism, pornography, abortion, Feminism, LGBT+ rights, and welcoming LGBT+ conservatives in the Republican Party. They are also part of the much broader Alt-Right.

In the fall of 2019, popular political commentator Charlie Kirk launched a college speaking tour with Turning Point USA titled "Culture War," featuring himself alongside such guests as Senator Rand Paul, Donald Trump Jr., Kimberly Guilfoyle, Lara Trump, and Congressman Dan Crenshaw. In retaliation for the firing of St. Clair and the Politicon incident, Fuentes subsequently began organizing a social media campaign asking his followers to go to Kirk's events and ask provocative and controversial leading questions regarding his stances on immigration, Israel, and LGBT rights during the question-and-answer sessions, for the purpose of exposing Kirk as a "fake conservative".

Doyleism/Heck Off, Commie Thought

Doyleism, another offshoot of Paleoconservatism, is the social-political outlook of John Doyle and his followers. They are a group adjacent of the Groypers who take a less critical approach and seem to play more friendly with the establishment.

Doyle largely encourages an outlook of social conservatism, nationalism, Anti-LGBTQ, non-interventionist foreign policy, Social Catholicism, and practical conservatism to a younger audience.

Russell Kirk Thought

WIP


Westboro Baptist Church

Westboro Baptist Church, sometimes abbreviated as WBC, is a church located in Topeka, Kansas. Adhering to Five-point Calvinism, the church believes in limited atonement, unconditional election, and the double predestination of both the saved and the damned.

WBC is well known for its Anti-LGBT+ rhetoric, but they also engage in rhetoric against Jews, atheists, Muslims, and several Christian denominations including Catholics, Methodists, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Northern and Southern Baptists, Mormons, and Assembly of God Pentecostals.

WBC is also known for daily picketing in Topeka, Kansas as well as other parts of the United States. The church has occasionally protested outside of the country too, though they have been banned from two of those countries. In 2008, Canadian officials discovered that WBC planned on staging a protest at the funeral of Tim McLean, a Winnipeg resident who was killed while riding on a bus. The motive of the protest was to blame the man's death on Canadian laws regarding abortion, homosexuality, and divorce and sees the killing as an act of punishment from God. In response, WBC was banned from entering the country.[26] In February 2009, British news sources picked up the signal of WBC's motivation to protest a youth production of The Laramie Project, located at Queen Mary's College in Basingstoke, Hampshire, scheduled to occur on February 20, 2009. Members of Parliament, LGBT+ groups, and lobbyists reached out to British Home Secretary, Jacqui Smith, requesting WBC be barred from entering the United Kingdom, citing hatred towards LGBT+ people. On February 18, 2009, two days before the scheduled picketing date, The Home Office permanently banned all members of WBC from stepping foot in the United Kingdom.

WBC gained national notoriety in 1998 when they picketed the funeral of Matthew Shepard, a college student from Laramie, Wyoming who was bound and beaten to death by two men, allegedly motivated by his homosexuality.[27]

WBC is labelled as an Anti-LGBTQ hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.[28]

Since 2004, over 20 members of WBC, the majority of whom being family members, left the organization as well as the Phelps family. Many of those who left have accused WBC of brainwashing. Mark Phelps, a son of WBC's founder, Fred Phelps, left the organization in 1973, citing abuse. Mark was later re-baptized in a local church in 1994. Nathan Phelps, also a son of Fred Phelps, left WBC on his 18th birthday in 1976, citing abuse by his father.[29] Libby Phelps-Alvarez, a granddaughter of the late Fred Phelps and daughter of Fred Phelps Jr. left WBC in 2009. She is now an advocate for LGBT+ equality. Megan Phelps-Roper, as well as her sister Grace Phelps, both left Westboro in 2012 and explained their reason as well as her experiences in a TED talk.[30] Zach Phelps-Roper, the grandson of Fred Phelps, left WBC in 2014 after attempting to leave five times previously after his views became at odds with the church. Danielle Phelps, a granddaughter of Fred Phelps, left WBC in 2014 shortly after her grandfather's death. She is openly lesbian and shortly after leaving the church, joined the United States Marine Corps.

In 2008, Lauren Drain was excommunicated from the Westboro Baptist Church.

Three Percenterism

Three Percenterism is an offshoot of paleoconservatism based on the far-right anti-government militia, Three Percenters, sometimes styled as 3 Percenters, III Percenters, 3%ers, and III%ers. The groups supports the right to own firearms and Christian Nationalism, dreaming of a purely Chirstian country.[31] The organization also advocated resistance to the United States federal government as well as opposition to Islam and atheism. Its name is derived from the erroneous claim that "...the active forces in the field against the King's tyranny never amounted to more than 3% of the colonists..." during the American Revolution.

The Three Percenters were founded in 2008 by Michael Brian Vanderboegh as an impetus for the election of Barack Obama. Members believed that Obama's presidency would lead to increased government interference, particularly when it comes to gun ownership.

While the militia officially states that they do not discriminate against anyone, some of its members are white supremacists.[32]

Several members of the Three Percenters participated in the January 6 United States Capitol attack in 2021. Several people affiliated with the movement have been arrested for their roles in the attack. One member, Guy Reffitt from Wylie, Texas, wore body armor and carried a handgun, with the intention of removing Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell from the premises. He was found guilty on five charges and was sentenced to over seven years in prison. In June 2021, four men with ties to the movement and two other men associated with them were indicted by a grand jury for "conspiring to obstruct congressional proceedings". All six men pled not guilty.[33]

The national militia dissolved on February 21, 2021, although local groups continue. On June 25, 2021, The Canadian government designated the Three Percenters as a terrorist organization.

George Wallace Thought

George Wallace Thought, a Dixiecrat variant of paleoconservatism, is based on the ideology of former Alabama governor, George Corley Wallace Jr. Wallace was infamous for his staunch support for racial segregation and populism.

Wallace ran for the governorship in 1958, downplaying racial issues and focusing on increased improvements to the industry and the educational system, yet still losing to state attorney general John Malcolm Patterson, who ran with the support of the Ku Klux Klan. After his crushing defeat, Wallace hardened his views on segregation.

Wallace ran for governor again in 1962 and won, running on a fanatic segregationist platform. Wallace served four terms: one from 1963 to 1967, two from 1971 to 1979, and one from 1983 to 1987.

Wallace took the oath of office on January 14, 1963, standing on the exact same spot as Jefferson Davis when he was sworn in as President of the Confederate States of America nearly 102 years earlier. During his 1963 inaugural address, he became notorious for saying the phrase: "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever".

In September 1963, Wallace attempted to stop four African American students from enrolling in four separate elementary schools in Huntsville, Alabama.[34]

Wallace initiated a community college system that has now spread throughout Alabama, preparing many students to complete four-year degrees at many universities throughout the state. Moreover, several universities are named after him or his immediate relatives.

Wallace was unable to run for re-election in 1966, due to term limits. Therefore, he offered his wife, Lurleen Wallace, a surrogate candidacy for governor. She won the Democratic primary with 54.1% of the vote and later won the general election with 63.88% of the vote. She died in office in 1968.

Wallace ran for President of the United States in 1964, 1972, and 1976, though his 1968 presidential campaign was his most successful. In 1968, Wallace ran for President of the United States under the American Independent Party ticket. Wallace's platform included ending all federal efforts at desegregation, expanding the benefits of Social Security and Medicare, withdrawing from Vietnam if the Vietnam War was not winnable within 90 days, and strident law and order. Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon, who also campaigned on law and order, worried that Wallace's firebrand Southern populism would split the conservative vote and lead to the Democratic presidential candidate, Hubert Humphery winning the presidency. Coincidentally, Democrats worried that Wallace's appeal to members of trade unions would split the Democratic vote and lead to Nixon winning the presidency. Nixon won the presidency with 301 electoral votes and 43.4% of the popular vote. Humphrey placed second with 191 electoral votes and 42.7% of the popular vote. Wallace finished third with 46 electoral votes and 13.5% of the popular vote, Despite losing the general election, Wallace easily won the Deep South, carrying the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi.

In 1970, Wallace run for a second term for Governor against incumbent Albert Brewer. Wallace aired political advertisements on television as part of his campaign which later U.S. President Jimmy Carter would describe as "one of the most racist campaigns in modern southern political history".[35] Wallace narrowly won the Democratic nomination and later won the general election by a landslide.

Although Wallace promised to not run for president for a third time, he later changed his mind and on January 13, 1972, declared himself a candidate, running as a Democrat. During this time, Wallace begins the process of moderating his views on race, discontinuing his prior support for segregation while still fiercely opposing desegregation busing. On May 15, 1972, Wallace was shot by Arthur Bremer while campaigning at the Laurel Shopping Center in Laurel, Maryland. At the time, he was getting high ratings in nationwide opinion polls. One of the bullets lodged in Wallace's spinal cord, leaving him paralyzed from the waist down and in pain for the rest of his life. The assassination attempt was caught on film.

While in the hospital, Wallace was visited by Shirley Chrisholm, A Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives representing New York's 12th Congressional District. At the time, Chrisholm was the nation's sole African American female member of Congress. In spite of their ideological differences, Chrisholm believed that visiting Wallace was the right thing to do. President Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew also visited Wallace. In addition, he received telegrams from former President Lyndon Johnson, California governor Ronald Reagan and Pope Paul VI. Although Wallace won the Democratic primaries in Maryland and Michigan, the shooting effectively shut down his campaign.

By the late 1970s, Wallace made a complete reversal of his stance on race, apologized to black civil rights leaders for his past actions and views as a segregationist, and became a born-again Christian.

Wallace ran for governor for the last time in 1982. His main opponents were Lieutenant Governor George McMillan and Speaker of the Alabama House of Representatives Joe McCorquodale. Wallace won the Democratic primary and later the general election, narrowly defeating Birmingham Mayor Emory Folmar. This election was the Alabama Republican Party's best performance in the gubernatorial election since Reconstruction.

Wallace was sworn in for his final term as Governor on January 17, 1983. During his final tenure, he appointed a record number of African Americans to state positions, two of whom were appointed as members of the same cabinet, the first time in Alabamian history. On April 2, 1986, Wallace announced that he would not seek re-election. Wallace left office on January 19, 1987. Wallace died on September 13, 1998, from sepsis. At 5,848 days, Wallace is currently the third longest-serving governor in U.S. history.

Personality

Older Paleoconservatives usually act like the stereotypical Southern Christian boomer crank, ranting about how Globalists and LGBT+ people are trying to destroy their Traditional American values and promote Satanic degeneracy. They tend to be extremely politically incorrect and are cause for much criticism for being perceived & labeled as "racist", "homophobic", "anti-Semitic" etc.

Younger Paleoconservatives such as Nicholas J. Fuentes and his followers called "The Groypers" stay mostly consistent with the former, but with a modern Gen Z(oomer) sense of humor, spending heavy amounts of time trolling online, occasionally does live gaming streaming via AF shows They (like the former older generation Paleocons) are often extremely politically incorrect and labeled by the mainstream media as racist, sexist, homophobic, xenophobic, white nationalist/supremacists, bigots, etc.

How to Draw

Flag of Paleoconservatism
  1. Draw a ball.
  2. Color the bottom third in dark blue.
  3. Color the top two thirds with alternating red and white stripes (13 total).
  4. Draw three white stars in the bottom third.
  5. Draw a mammoth in the middle.
  6. Add the eyes and you're done!
Color Name HEX RGB
Dark Blue #002368 0, 35, 104
Red #C0032C 192, 3, 44
White #FFFFFF 255, 255, 255


Relationships

Family

  • Conservatism - A great adversary in the march back to traditional values and a strong nation!
  • Traditionalism - Perfect, someone who admires and protects traditional values. Back in my day, society was much saner than it is today.
  • Libertarian Conservatism - Ron Paul is an admirable patriot and I respect his views. Although I do wish he embraced the state more.
  • Paleolibertarianism - Fellow Old Right member! But state influence to protect society is needed, y'know?
  • National Libertarianism - The best kind of libertarian but you should embrace the state more.
  • Helvetic Model - You're more culturally ambiguous than paleobert and natbert, but I like that your ruling party is conservative and retains neutrality, making you surprisingly close to me.
  • Patriotism - Ah, a true patriot! America First!
  • Right-Wing Populism - DOWN WITH THE KINGMAKERS!
  • Classical Conservatism - My Brit grandfather taught me the importance of traditional conservative values. But some of you are too pro-imperialist.
  • Christian Right - and Protestant Theocracy - America was founded as a Christian nation, specifically a Protestant nation.
  • Traditionalist Catholicism - I'm starting to take a liking to this strand of Catholicism, and I'm also gaining support from you guys thanks to people like Pat and Nick.
  • Protectionism - BRING BACK OUR JOBS!
  • Isolationism - BRING BACK OUR TROOPS!
  • National Conservatism - BRING BACK OUR BORDERS!
  • Authoritarian Conservatism - Fellow conservative lover of state power harnessed to actively uphold our civilization.
  • National Democracy - My Polish self, which is ultra-based and epic, to say the least.
  • Tridemism - A good friend and comrade-in-arms of John Birch.
  • Manosphere - A valuable ally against the hordes of degenerates and feminists.
  • Perotism - A moderate but very good ally of Buchanan.
  • Maternalism - All women should be housewives.
  • Korwinism - Based Pole, he's "groping" lefties and neocucks just perfectly.

Misguided

  • Jacksonian Democracy - I wouldn’t have had anything against you if you weren't an Imperialist.
  • White Nationalism - Groypers, Fuentes, AIP, Buchanan, and Wallace like you but the rest doesn't. Also, many of you supported imperialism and now you're really bad for PR, even amongst WASP.
  • Conservative Liberalism - Good for a liberal. For a conservative, shameful. Burke was a great influence, but Churchill was a cringe imperialist (just read Pat's book and you'll see). PragerU and Australian Liberals suck.
  • National Liberalism - On one hand, gonna give credit to UKIP for opposing Neocuckservatism and EU, despite being indifferent on sodomities. One the other hand, Taiwanese DPP and Sternenko are annoying.
  • Reactionary Liberalism - A more extreme version of conlib, argues with me on free trade vs protectionism. Griley and Bolsonaro are terrible.
  • Clerical Fascism - We are not the same. Ignore Groypers
  • Alt-Lite - Alt-what? There is no such thing as alt-left or alt-right, so stop spending time online & get back to the factory. (some are too sympathetic to neocon, though)
  • Alt-Right - While you may have normalized my ideology among today's youth, I really think you need to take some time off the internet and gaming, kid... (also, stop apologia for Nazi imperialists)
  • Gamers - They need to play a LOT less. Video games turn their brains into mush! Though the way that the Groypers troll online is based.
  • Paternalistic Conservatism - Tucker Carlson is EXTREMELY BASED! But PiS and One-Nation Conservatives are horrible.
  • Welfare Chauvinism - You're too nationalistic even by my standards and your policy is also a bit too red. But you really like Tucker too, so I guess you're alright.
  • Libertarianism - Fine people with some great ideas but they don't like the state much and are not conservative enough... and Stone and Parker are degenerates.
  • Anarcho-Capitalism - Same as above but even wackier, Rothbard was a good friend.
  • Reactionaryism - I get that you want to turn things back, but I’m more fond of the 1920s, and 1880s than any time period before those particular decades. Also, I'm not sure why calls himself a "12th-century man".
  • Socialism of the 21st Century - I am no fan of socialism, but many of you, such as Evo and Correa, are conservative, and we both agree America should not be imperialist.
  • Shapiroism - On the one hand, Fuentes hates you. But on the other hand, John Doyle thinks you've been a net positive on the conservative movement.[36] (Still a ziotard)
  • Conservative Socialism - Conservatism is great but why do you want to do that? Also no, Tucker is not a socialist, he's just a populist.
  • Anarcho-Conservatism - Based conservatism, but with anarchy for some reason? What's that all about?
  • National Capitalism - Well, it depends: Pat Buchanan is a great man, but many of you, such as Videla and Barbie are cringe NATO simps, and the Wagner group is a frenemy due to being Putin's ally
  • Talibanism - Congratulations on steadfastly holding your line against those interventionist cucks! But, y'know, Islam is still an enemy of our civilization and unwelcome here (won't take any action against you outside of building a wall)... Your attitudes towards women and especially f***ots are most definitely based, though.
  • Industrialism - BRING BACK OUR FACTORIES! Then I'm gonna like you once again.
  • Catholic Theocracy - Nick and Pat like you but I prefer Protestantism over you. Cejrowski is kinda annoying. Though I also admire Traditionalist Catholicism.
  • Orthodox Theocracy and Theodemocracy - I like your attitude toward these guys, but I prefer Protestantism & Traditionalist Catholicism. Red Eagle Politics is based though. Romney is terrible.
  • Radical Feminism - Go back to where you belong, though we are worthy allies against these guys.
  • Eco-Conservatism and Environmentalism - I agree with both of you on the fact that we must protect the environment. However, I also believe in limited government and therefore can't do very much about it. I still won't forgive that idiot Nixon for trampling on my rights!
  • Trumpism - You had such promise, I thought you would be a true paleocon like us. But you still bombed Syria and Yemen and were a ziotard, there is a reason why Tucker turned on you. At least you implemented protectionism and removed trans people from the army (that I wanted to shrink anyway). Greene rules but stop hanging out with DeSantis, Pompeo, Mosbacher, and Rubio. Bannon is still a Zionist fraud.
  • Putinism - While Putin may be imperialist, I like how he triggers them libs and sodomites. The only reason you're our enemy is that Obuma and Sleepy Joe armed The Neo-Nazis in Ukraine. Many of my followers such as Ron Paul, Taylor Greene, Nick Fuentes and Tucker Carlson often defend his good actions from neocucks and neolibtards.
  • Kemalism - I like your fervent nationalism and how you dealt with imperialists and Islamist terrorists with your strict enforcement of Laicist laws, but you are still too progressive and pro-NATO for my liking.
  • Khomeinism - I like how you annoy that Neocuck and you seem more peaceful than the rest of the Middle East but I will never forgive your violence towards Christians (won't intervene anyways since that would be imperialism).
  • Juche - You hate NATO, support cultural conservatism, and are protectionist, which is good. But I don't really support socialism and you are against Christianity (won't take action against you anyway). And he's too isolationist even for me
  • Dengism - Nixon allying with China was a mistake. But at least now you are becoming more conservative and cutting ties with neocucks. I wouldn't have taken any action against you anyway (outside of not trading with you and booting your tourists). And Fuentes wants you to reclaim Taiwan for some reason as if I cared about that island.
  • Gavin McInnes - You're great and support many Paleocons, but I'd like you more if you weren't such a Ziotard.
  • Ho Chi Minh Thought - Yes, I opposed the Vietnam War, but you are too progressive and too socialist. To make things worse, tou sadly later became pro-NATO.

Degenerate Punks

  • Liberalism - Curse you, and stop making the faqaaooreakin frogs homog*y!
  • Democratism - The SJWs are taking over America!!!!! Some of us have historically been a part of your party when it was much more conservative.
  • Third Way - Woke imperialism is my worst nightmare.
  • Progressivism - Are you triggered yet?
  • Revolutionary Progressivism - Huh, so I guess "Alt-Left" is a thing... Now watch yourself you hippie trash, or I'll wash your damn mouth! You are right about imperialism though.
  • Marxism–Leninism - Free speech is important but not gonna lie, I love it whenever you get censored. You're right about wars and Israel though, a broken clock is right twice a day. And I don't want anything done to stop you (besides building a bigger, badder wall on the border).
  • Cultural Marxism - No, the fact that you stopped trying to spark a revolution and now try to sneak through colleges is horrible, cancel culture and fluorinated water won't help you.
  • State Liberalism - This is the future that neolibtards and Cultural Marxists want!
  • Liberal Conservatism - RINO trash!
  • Progressive Conservatism - Guess what guys, it's RINO hunting season!
  • Rockefeller Republicanism - You paved the way for those RINOs and you're not even a conservative!
  • Homoconservatism - There's no such thing as a traditionalist f*g. Stop normalizing your sodomy propaganda to our children, you're not a real conservative, you are a RINO!
  • Bull Moose Progressivism - These RINOs exist, thanks to you, imperialist cuck! I do agree that we need to be sympathetic to the environment, though the government should stay out of it.
  • Feminism - Kitchen is where you belong, female. Also, women shouldn't say bad words; RT if you agree.
  • Conservative Feminism - "Thank conservatism for women's rights"? WTF I'm a liberal now!
  • CyberFeminism - You are supposed to cook, not go online! The internet is rotting your brain, turning it into mush!
    • - Why would I need to cook? That process is already automated.
  • Neoconservatism - Exactly what do you conserve? You're just a globalist who wants to take away my country. Also America First, not Israel First.
  • Trotskyism - Neocon unmasked.
  • Posadism - Same as above but even worse.
  • Imperialism - We don’t need an American empire. Be happy with what we have already. Though Tucker for some stupid reason said that Africans were better off under your rule, I would not under any circumstances actually do anything to restore empires. And I won't take action AGAINST imperialism (see: my stance on Putin), since that would make me like you.
  • Bleeding-Heart Libertarianism - Says that Christian paternalism and protectionism aren't something a small government does. Pssh, what does he know? At least he hates imperialism too.
  • Anarchism - Screw you, the state is awesome!
  • Globalism - Curse you, globetard! America First!
  • Neoliberalism - Another globetard! Chick-fil-A is better than Taco Bell anyway.
  • Zionism - Stop making us waste tax dollars you tiny hat haver!!! Also Google: "Dancing Israelis".
  • Kahanism - Imperialist free-trader Ziotard. Nice cultural policies.
  • The UN - I HATE THE ANTICHRIST! I HATE THE ANTICHRIST! I WILL NEVER DRINK THE CORN SYRUP!!!
  • Fully Automated Gay Space Communism - ...are you not just the UN again? Anyways, bugger off, NOW!
  • Futurism - Modernist art at its worse, why do you hate everything good??
  • Queer Anarchism - IS THAT MY STORE?
  • Liberal Feminism - I will personally disassemble the female-piloted drone, the symbol of f*minist imperialism.
  • Men's Liberation - Stay in your traditional Masculine role, and stop acting like Brat! FUCK YOU! Although Some of us take the "fuck you" part literally, let's not talk about that.
  • Pink Capitalism - Get your wokeness away from me.
  • Xenofeminism - CRINGE TIMES TEN.
  • Secular Satanism - Satanism AND atheism? This is probabl- no DEFINITELY the worst ideology ever.
  • Satanic Theocracy - God shall smite you off the face of the Earth!
  • Khrushchevism - I'M NOT DRINKING YOUR CORN SYRUP!!! The only reason you are an enemy of America is that neocuck placed nukes in Turkey.
  • Anarcho-Nihilism - Oh my lord! How DARE you insult my god! You're gonna burn in hell!
  • Christian Socialism - Oh look, a literal commie with a cross.
  • Social Democracy and Democratic Socialism - GO AWAY FAR LEFT COMMIES!!! At least DSA is anti-imperialist.
  • Stratocracy - Defund the army! No more wars!
  • Nazism - I remember when I shot you down after you shot down my Friends!!!
  • Demographic Posadism - "Isolated country with the capitalist economy will result in declining birthrates and collapse of the bourgeois system"? Are you serious? What are you trying to s...*looking at statistics*...Oh no! The USA is losing birthrates!
  • Maoism - SJW marxist who allied with neocuck.

Gallery

Further Information

Wikipedia

Parties

People

Literature

Videos

Channels

https://youtube.com/@SOGUNRECORDS

Media

Online Communities

Websites

Notes

References

  1. ↑ [1]
  2. ↑ Carlson has used talking points from both the political left (on the issue of class and economic inequality) and right (on cultural issues).
  3. ↑ As Fuentes endorsed Laura Loomer, part of America First who is of Jewish descent, for Congress in the 2022 mid-term elections
  4. ↑ https://www.dailydot.com/debug/nick-fuentues-mocked-kiss-incel/
  5. ↑ https://mobile.twitter.com/RedPillGangTV/status/1639278061127454720
  6. ↑ https://twitter.com/broe_jake/status/1635464902453374978
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Rockwell, Lew "The Case for Paleo-libertarianism" (PDF). Liberty (January 1990): 34–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 De Coster, Karen (December 2, 2003). "Paleolibertarianism". LewRockwell.com. Archived September 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  9. ↑ Despite self-identifying as paleoconservative in the past and supporting many of them, McInnes has described himself as "vehemently pro-Israel," putting him against the majority of paleoconservatives who oppose Zionism.
  10. ↑ Raimondo, Justin (1993). Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost Legacy of the Conservative Movement. Burlingame, California: Center for Libertarian Studies.
  11. ↑ Mudde, Cas (August 28, 2015). "The Trump phenomenon and the European populist radical right". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  12. ↑ Fleming, Thomas (September 8, 2005). "Ethics 01A.1: Gay Marriage, Democracy". Chronicles. Rockford, Illinois: Rockford Institute. Archived from the original on September 27, 2006. Retrieved August 27, 2006.
  13. ↑ Matthews, Dillon. "The alt-right is more than warmed-over white supremacy. It's that, but way way weirder". Vox. Vox Media Inc. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
  14. ↑ Larison, Daniel. "How Paleo and Fusionist Conservatism Differ". American Conservative Union Foundation. Archived from the original on February 5, 2004. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  15. ↑ Gottfried, Paul (1993) [1988]. The Conservative Movement (rev. ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers.
  16. ↑ (2006). "Paleoconservatism". In Frohnen, Bruce; Beer, Jeremy; Nelson, Jeffrey O. (eds.). American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. Wilmington, Delaware: ISI Books. pp. 651–652.
  17. ↑ (2017) [1999]. "Introduction: Paleoconservatism as the Opposition Party". In Scotchie, Joseph (ed.). The Paleoconservatives: New Voices of the Old Right. London: Routledge. pp. 1–15.
  18. ↑ Judis, John B. (October 3, 1999). "The Buchanan Doctrine". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  19. ↑ Rockwell, Lew. "The Case for Paleo-libertarianism" (PDF) on September 7, 2018.
  20. ↑ Kenny Johnsson, Do You Consider Yourself a Libertarian?, interview with Lew Rockwell, May 25, 2007.
  21. ↑ Rockwell, Llewellyn H. (May 2, 2002). "What I Learned From Paleoism".
  22. ↑ https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/the-zealot-larry-pratt-is-the-gun-lobbys-secret-weapon-87059/
  23. ↑ https://www.adl.org/resources/profiles/patrick-buchanan-unrepentant-bigot
  24. ↑ Miller-Idriss, Cynthia (2020). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv10tq6km Hate in the Homeland: The New Global Far Right. Princeton University Press. Princeton University Press. pp. 53, 58. doi:10.2307/j.ctv10tq6km. ISBN 978-0691222943. JSTOR j.ctv10tq6km. S2CID 242934392. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  25. ↑ Vaillancourt, William (May 17, 2022). "Tucker Carlson Claims the Great Replacement Theory 'Is Coming From the Left'". The Daily Beast. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  26. ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/story/2008/08/08/westboro-protest.html
  27. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45968606
  28. ↑ https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/westboro-baptist-church
  29. ↑ https://www.vice.com/da/article/ppmajk/an-interview-with-fred-phelps-son-nathan
  30. ↑ https://www.ted.com/talks/megan_phelps_roper_i_grew_up_in_the_westboro_baptist_church_here_s_why_i_left
  31. ↑ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12803688/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl
  32. ↑ Mockaitis, Thomas R., Violent Extremists: Understanding the Domestic and International Terrorist Threat Retrieved October 5, 2022
  33. ↑ (June 10, 2021). Six California Men, Four of Whom Self-Identify as Members of “Three-Percenter” Militias, Indicted on Conspiracy Charges Related to Jan. 6 Capitol Breach Retrieved October 5, 2022
  34. ↑ Elliot, Debbie, Elliot (June 11, 2003), Wallace in the Schoolhouse Door: Marking the 40th Anniversary of Alabama's Civil Rights Standoff Retrieved October 10, 2022
  35. ↑ Carter, Dan T. (1996), From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963–1994, Louisiana State University Press. pp. 46–48. ISBN 978-0195076806. Retrieved October 10, 2022
  36. ↑ https://youtu.be/VrhepP4yYoc?t=4630

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