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Kleptocracy: Difference between revisions

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(Ideological repetition is inappropriate in this case. Yeltsin already has neoliberalism, and authoritarian at that)
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*[[File:Econlib.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Economic Liberalism]]
*[[File:Econlib.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Economic Liberalism]]
*<s>[[File:Kak-Dunce.png]] [[Kakistocracy]]</s>
*<s>[[File:Kak-Dunce.png]] [[Kakistocracy]]</s>
*[[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism]]
*[[File:Prez.png]] [[Presidentialism]]
*[[File:Prez.png]] [[Presidentialism]]
*[[File:ProtoPutin.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|Proto-Putinism]]
*[[File:ProtoPutin.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|Proto-Putinism]]

Revision as of 23:58, 18 May 2023

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Kleptocracy literally meaning Rule of Thieves is an Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination authoritarian and economically Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination variable ideology used to describe a form of government in which power is held primarily by criminals, corrupt officials, self-interested oligarchs and other such groups. Kleptocracy is often found in countries that collapsed after being Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Marxist–Leninist One-Party States and transitioned rather unsuccessfully, an infamous case of this is Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Russia.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Liberal democracies can also suffer from this. They can develop shadowy kleptocracies that influence the government through legitimate means such as lobbying, or illegal means such as bribery to gain the favor of government officials.

Foundations

The mechanisms of the state government are devoted almost entirely to taxing the resources and the population of the country, by means of taxes, diversion of funds, etc. The leaders of the system enlarge great personal fortunes, especially the highest position of head of state (like the president or prime minister), along with those closest to them such as ministers, governors, mayors and personal advisers. The money is laundered or diverted to secret bank accounts, usually in tax havens, as a cover for embezzlement or theft.

The economies of kleptocratic regimes tend to decline constantly (In fact, this is not absolute. During the reign of Jiang Zemin, China's economic aggregate grew rapidly.), as the systematic corruption engendered by the government means that the economy is subordinate to the interests of the kleptocrats.

Historically, the socio-political environment associated with the colonial system - the domination of colonized countries, where their economies are very vulnerable as they depend on a small number of raw materials - has been particularly prone to the creation of the last kleptocracies: Africa, Latin America and also Post-Soviet states are the most prone regions.

The stealthy nature of corruption makes it difficult to combat, as there is often very little information about the identity of the corrupt.

Variants

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Police Militias

A police militia is a crime organization composed of Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination ex-cops and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination ex-military personnel, usually in conventional gang activity, but taking advantage of "lost" military equipment to expand its businesses.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Kingism

Flag of Kingism

Kingism is the ideology of the Latin Kings gang, it has been described as a mix of strong discipline, revolutionary politics and a homegrown religion.

According to the manifesto, there are 3 stages to the development of new Kings:

  • Primitive stage - In this stage Kings act primaraily out of impulse, without much thought on the actions they are tasked with carrying out.
  • Conservative stage - In this stage Kings settle down, starting to ponder their actions, and possibly get married and start a family.
  • New King stage - In this stage Kings recognize the need for a mental revolution, and focus their efforts on freeing the enslaved, putting human lives above any material gains.

History

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Soviet Union Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Main Article: Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Marxism-Leninism

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Russia Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Boris Yeltsin

In 1990, he was elected chair of the Russian Supreme Soviet and in 1991 was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). On 18 August 1991, a coup against Gorbachev was launched by pro-communist government members opposed to perestroika. Gorbachev was held in Crimea while Yeltsin raced to the White House of Russia which was surrounded by the military, but the troops defected in the face of mass popular demonstrations and Gorbachev was rescued. Although restored to his position as General Secretary, Gorbachev had lost his support to Yeltsin due to aforementioned events. Taking advantage of the situation, Yeltsin began taking over what remained of the Soviet government, ministry by ministry, and on 6 November 1991, Yeltsin issued a decree banning all Communist Party activities on Russian soil.

On 17 December, in a meeting with Yeltsin, Gorbachev agreed to dissolve the Soviet Union and 8 days later resigned and handed the functions of his office to Yeltsin. On 26 December, the Council of the Republics, the upper house of the Supreme Soviet, voted the Soviet Union out of existence, thereby ending the world's oldest, largest, and most powerful Communist state.

Just days after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, President Boris Yeltsin of the Russian Federation with the help of economic advisors such as Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Anatoly Chubais and Acting Prime Minister Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Yegor Gaidar initiated a program of radical economic reform that came to be known as “economic shock therapy, ” which consisted of rapid privatization of most public assets, complete dismantlement of the welfare state, and removal of all tariffs and regulations. The results were the emergence of a new elite commonly referred to as “the oligarchs” consisting of former communist officials who became rich through buying up privatized former state-owned industries. Corruption grew rampant and violent crime became increasingly common. Throughout the 1990s, Russia's GDP fell by 50%, vast sectors of the economy were wiped out, inequality and unemployment grew dramatically, and the standard of living fell. Hyperinflation, caused by the Central Bank of Russia's loose monetary policy, wiped out many people's personal savings, and tens of millions of Russian citizens were plunged into deep poverty.

In 1993, President Yeltsin marked a constitutional crisis commonly described as a self-coup d'état: first, he ordered the execution of members and supporters of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation who challenged his authority. Then he abolished the post of vice president, thereby ousting Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Alexander Rutskoy, who challenged his authority. Then, with Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination US support, he quickly enacted a new Russian Constitution, not entirely legitimate, by a referendum, which expanded the powers of the president and paved the way for the election of people totally loyal to Yeltsin and the oligarchs to the new parliament, called the "State Duma".

In December 1994, Yeltsin ordered to invade the breakaway state of Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in an attempt to restore Moscow's control over the republic and resource-rich region. The invasion was met with international outcry as the First Chechen War resulted in tens of thousands of civilian casualties and hundreds of thousands more displayed.

Boris Yeltsin despite being massively unpopular with the Russian public made the run for a second term in the 1996 Russian presidential election which he won to the dismay of the majority. It is generally believed that Yeltsin won said election through US interference from Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination the Clinton Administration which wanted to prevent a return to socialist rule. After his victory, Yeltsin orchestrated all sorts of techniques to prolong his own rule. The de facto leadership of the country were Yeltsin's friends and relatives, as well as dodgy oligarchs like Boris Berezovsky and Roman Abramovich.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Ramzan Kadyrov Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Sergei Lavrov

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Mikhail Mishustin

In 1998, Mishustin became assistant to Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Boris Fedorov, head of the State Tax Service of the Russian Federation, on information systems of accounting and control of tax payments. He then became Deputy Minister for Taxes and Levies and head of the Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency (Rosnedvizhimost) within the Ministry of Economic Development.

Since 2004, he has been the head of the Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency.

From 2006 to 2008, he was the head of the Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones.

From 2010 to 2020, he was the head of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation. Under him, taxes were collected intensively and grew, in spite of the beginning of the collapse of the economy.

According to Fontanka.ru, from 2010 to 2018, when Mikhail Mishustin was head of the Tax Service, he and his wife earned nearly 1 billion rubles. The Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Anti-Corruption Foundation estimates that Mishustin's wife earned about 800 million rubles. Mishustin's income during that period ranged from 19 to 30 million rubles a year, while his wife's income ranged from 47 to 160 million rubles.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Kazakhstan Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Ukraine

In Ukraine, Kleptocracy is associated with two presidents: Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Leonid Kuchma (1994-2004) and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Viktor Yanukovych (2010-2014).

Kuchmism is a term used to describe the period of rule of President Leonid Kuchma, who was the President of Ukraine from 1994 to 2004. Kuchism was a result of old Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Soviet-era officials and regional criminal elites merging together and is one of many post-Soviet regimes. The term was coined by the organization "Pora! (black)" (It's time!) in late March 2004.

Some of its main features include:

  • Concentration of power in the hands of a single financial-multiparty corporation.
  • Union of legislative, executive and judicial power as an integral mechanism of control over society and guaranteeing the permanence of the regime with the help of "power structures" not controlled by the public.
  • High levels of corruption and the power of various Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination oligarchic clans, but mainly from Dnipropetrovsk (now Dnipro) and Donetsk.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Pavlo Lazarenko, an infamous prime minister (1996-1997) during Kuchma's administration was charged with money laundering and extortion.

During the presidency of Viktor Yanukovych (2010-2014), some forms of Kuchmism can be seen again, however, this time Donetsk elites had more power. Following the Revolution of Dignity (or Euromaidan), on February 21, 2014, he fled the country.

The absolute majority of corrupt politicians in the country have extremely close ties with Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Russia. High levels of corruption are still visible to this day.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Party of Regions and the parties that formed shortly after its disbandment in 2014, like Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Opposition Bloc, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Opposition Platform - For Life, Our Land, Revival, and Nashi all classified themselves as Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination social liberal but were almost always authoritarian, kleptocratic, Russophile and oligarchical in nature. All of these parties were banned after the 2022 invasion, with Platform for Life and Peace surviving as a crippled remnant. However, it lost popular support, and many of its key members had fled Ukraine or were arrested, including former OPFL leader Medvechuk.

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Jacek Sasin

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Zbigniew Ziobro

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Mateusz Morawiecki

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Zaire Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Flag of Mobutism

In Zaire, now the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Mobutu Sese Seko got into power as a military general by assassinating the socialist prime minister Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Patrice Lumuba in the 1961 coup backed by Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Belgium and the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination CIA. Upon the Congo crisis, (which started the country's turmoil not long after independence), many separatists and socialist insurgencies took power in certain areas of the country. But to the intervention of the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination UN, the republic was vanquished in no time.

Elections in the Congo took place on March of 1965 when the Convention Nationale Congolaise party won the majority vote. However, Mobuto disagreed that Évariste Kimba should be prime minister, and planned a successful coup that inaugurated himself as dictator of the Congo, thus ending the Congo conflict and restoring (some) stability. Upon the rest of the 1960s, Mobutu started to introduce a policy where many things were Africanized, especially city names like Stanleyville being renamed Kisigani.

On 27 October 1971, he renamed the country Zaire, after the Zaire river.

Mobutu was willing to strong-arm opponents, but because many of his views were anti-communist such as supporting the Portuguese in Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Angola (and as said helping kill Patrice, who was a socialist), Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination USA and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Apartheid South Africa were willing to support Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Zaire for the rest of the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Cold War Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination (despite the latter being a wignat state).

However, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Mobutu's rule would be started to have been tampered, because Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination MPLA had now won independence for Angola, and wanted to topple Zaire. They then funded former separatists in the Katanga province known as the Congolese National Liberation Front, and sent two failed incursions in the country to otherthrow Zaire.

By the time the Cold War ended, the USA stopped supporting Mobutu and started to isolate his country.

In Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Rwanda however, the Tutsis felt oppressed by the Hutu government and started to rebel. As a result, this led to a horrible event; the Rwandan Genocide. This led to many Tutsis fleeing to Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Zaire. Hutu extremists, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination ALIR and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Interahamwe also fled to Zaire, and used refugee camps to try to build a coalition to invade Rwanda. To reduce a rebellion by the Tutsis, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination started allowing the Hutus to shelter in eastern Zaire. But this only gave the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Tutsi-dominated government in Rwanda an excuse to invade the region. Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Uganda & Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Burundi, all three of which which Mobutu had supported opposition groups against in the past.

Congolese Laurent Kabila believed that by siding with the invaders and rebels, he can end Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Zaire, bring a Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination democratic state, and improve living conditions in the Congo. Well, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Zaire's dictator had been dying anyways. Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo was created and operated in the eastern portion of Zaire, and overtime, the more the war went on the more territory Kabila helped foreign invaders seize. Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Zaire had to rely on mercenaries from around many countries in Africa with some from Europe, with the promise of giving them access to African resources. The White Legion was made up with former Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Yugoslavia, defended Kisangani until it fell. Months after, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Angola started dropping in troops near the capital. Eventually, Kabila and his allies reached the Congo and the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination the Democratic Republic of the Congo was proclaimed. To avoid capture, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Mobutu flees to Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Morocco, where he dies a few months after.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination ROC/Taiwan Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Main Articles: Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Tridemism and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination National Liberalism

Chen helped found the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in 1986 and was elected a member of the Legislative Yuan in 1989, and Mayor of Taipei in 1994. Chen won the 2000 presidential election and pledged "Four Noes and One Without" during his inauguration, which meant that he wouldn't declare Taiwan Independence as long as Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination the People's Republic of China didn't intend to use military force against the island.

Chen Shui-bian wasn't a very popular president due to alleged corruption within his administration and the inability to pass legislation against the opposition KMT, who controlled the Legislative Yuan. In 2004, he won reelection by a narrow margin after surviving a shooting while campaigning the day before the election. Chen's opponents accused him of staging said incident for political purposes.

On November 3, 2006, Chen's wife Wu Shu-Chen, and three other high-ranking officials of the Presidential Office were indicted for corruption of NT$14.8 million (US$450,000) of government funds using faked documents. However, Chen was not indicted, as the constitution of the Republic of China protects the sitting president from prosecution.

After his 2nd term ended in 2008, Chen and his wife were convicted on bribery charges and sentenced to 19 years in Taipei Prison. Chen was granted medical parole in 2015 and was released from prison.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination China Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Main Article: Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Maoism and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Dengism

Corruption has been (and to a certain extent still is) a significant problem in Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination China since the foundation of the People's Republic in 1949, impacting all aspects of administration, law enforcement, healthcare, and education. Since the Chinese economic reforms began, corruption has been attributed to "organizational involution" caused by the market liberalization reforms initiated by Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Deng Xiaoping during the 1980s. According to multiple scholars, it was corruption and abuse of power by government officials, rather than a demand for a transition to liberal democracy, that led to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. Corruption accelerated to new heights during Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Jiang Zemin's government (1989-2004). Bribing local officials became an essential part of life for most Chinese citizens to get by and gain access to social services. Entire cities fell under the control of triads and the mafia with government protection. Human trafficking skyrocketed with hundreds of thousands of women and children being kidnapped and forced into sexual slavery and forced labor within China and abroad. People's money and state assets were embezzled by government officials and the business elite and stacked into overseas bank accounts. The staggering levels of corruption caused most Chinese citizens (and many CPC officials) to lose faith in the Chinese government, causing many to send their kids to study and make connections abroad, should things not work out at home. (In fact, in Xi's era, going abroad is still a trend, because education in the Chinese Mainland and other aspects of involution is extremely serious. But studying abroad is limited to the rich, those who have relations with government departments, and other people with superior conditions.)

Former President Jiang Zemin managed to maintain great influence following his retirement in 2004, through the persecution of Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Falun Gong and by stacking the new Administration of President Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Hu Jintao and Premier Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Wen Jiabao with his own cronies, ensuring that both the military, law enforcement, propaganda apparatus, and many local officials remained loyal to himself. While the 2000s saw China experiencing every level of economic growth due to international corporations seeking to exploit China's massive labor market, citizens' faith in the CPC's rule remained low due lack of judicial and political reform. Anti-corruption trials happened from time to time but were more often than not motivated by personal grudges and power struggles between different factions of the CPC than aspirations for real change. Dissatisfaction with corruption and authoritarianism culminated following the government's weak response to the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, eventually leading to the 2011 Chinese democracy protests, inspired by the Arab Spring.

After Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Xi Jinping became Paramount Leader in 2012, the issue of corruption has been brought to significant attention as hundreds and thousands of corrupt party members and billionaires, many of whom had been Jiang's allies, have been arrested and sentenced to life in prison. This includes former Secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Zhou Yongkang, former Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Bo Xilai, Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Ling Jihua, among countless others. Some of Xi's political enemies have even gone into exile in the west, such as billionaire businessman Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Guo Wengui.

Many observers view this as a part of a broader power struggle between two different political factions led by Xi Jinping and Jiang Zemin respectively. While Xi Jinping's Anti-Corruption campaign has been viewed in a generally positive light and regained much confidence in the CPC's governance for improving social services, public safety, and reducing graft, it has also been subjected to much criticism. Anti-Corruption trials are frequently abused to crush dissent and the lack of judicial and political reform makes all gains that have been achieved over the past decade easily revertable. Recent scandals and atrocities such as the Henan banking scandal, and the Xuzhou chained woman incident are proof that there's still much to be done before China becomes a country with rule of law.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination PLA Corruption

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Lai Changxing

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Human Trafficking

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Hong Kong

Kowloon Walled City was a Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Chinese city enclave from Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination British Hong Kong. The city appeared as a military character Chinese, but became an enclave after the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationUK picked up new territories in 1898.

In the city there were Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination crimes, drugs, gambling, and prostitution Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination, in which Chinese triads were plentiful, like the 14K and Sun Yee on. In 1960 there were mass buildings, in which developers built new constructions on top of the old ones since the city was extremely populated (50,000 people in 1990). Other things in the city were the increase in small manufacturing and peaceful companies and the increase of "false" medical and dentists. In 1987, the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Hong Kong government stated that it would demolish the city, being concluded in 1994. Currently, the place of the city turned into a park with city artifacts preserved.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Japan Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Nobusuke Kishi

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Yoshio Kodama

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination South Korea Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationForced repatriation of North korean defectors


Guilty


Origin
Two male sailors who defected to South Korea in 2019 were judged as murderers without any trial by the South Korean court, and were forcibly repatriated through Panmunjom against their will. As in the case of the murder of a public official in the West Sea, the government's position on the incident that occurred under the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Moon Jae-in government was overturned by the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Yoon Seok-yeol administration.

《True Kleptocracy》
The forced repatriation to North Korea violates not only the Constitution of the Republic of Korea but also the International law agreed upon by the United Nations. The Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Moon Jae-in government violated Articles 9 and 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which prohibits forced eviction of its citizens, in that, according to the South Korean constitution, North Korean seafarers were forcibly returned despite being Korean citizens. It also violated the Convention against Torture by forcibly repatriating North Koreans to North Korea, where inhumane treatment is rampant.
Image of the event.

《Rebuttal》
The problem of this case: They were sent back to North without a proper investigation. There are arguments that this forced repatriation was acceptable. However, their reasons(evidence) are scanty: The reason why they were sent back (Evidence they killed 16 people):

  • 1. (No DNA or blood tests were done) There were traces of crime like blood (Unsure if it was fish or human blood)
  • 2. Confession of the defectors.

The problem is that the North Korean defectors were judged as murderers without any investigation, whether they were really murderers or not. This can later be abused. Arguments like Murderers deserve to go back to north/are not, they are also south koreans/are not is not the point of this situation.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationIndependent-Investigative agency


Origin
The Independent-Investigative Agency act by Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination tried to weaken the role of the original Investigative Agency (A Public Institution that investigates Corruption). It was brought up when Yoon Suk-yeol started investigating the crimes of the current government Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination in 2020.

Supplementary explanation
The Independent-Investigative Agency act by Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination has serious problems. The goal of the prosecution reform should be to ensure that the prosecution is no longer the "maid of the regime," but contributes to the human rights of the people through objective and fair investigation. However, there is a high possibility that the Independent Investigative Agency will become a new limb of the president through the president's authority over human resources. It is better not to introduce such an organ. In addition, the Independent Investigative Agency by Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination is designed to be a slim organization with less than 25 prosecutors and less than 40 investigators. But the range of cases in charge is vast. The prosecution and the police have no jurisdiction, and the agency has no manpower. What kind of organization handles the cases? Furthermore, the role of the agency's authorities should also vary according to the outcome of the adjustment of the prosecution and police investigation. It is also contradictory to push it at the same time.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationLH land speculation

Origin
LH land Speculation is an incident where the Korea Land and Housing Corporation (LH) employees collectively speculated real estate in areas related to their business plans, such as the 3rd new town (to concentrate land worth of Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Democratic Party of Korea government's third New Town plan ). Afterwards, as a result of additional disclosures and investigations, the controversy spread to all-round speculation by related public officials and emerged as a key issue in the political world.

Effects

  • The essence of this case is that it goes beyond simple speculation, and is a typical non-transactional type of corruption in which employees of public institutions use undisclosed inside information to gain an unfair advantage. In addition, their speculation can be pointed out as a part of the cause of the exponential rise in Korea's house prices.


(Find out about Comfort-woman incident and Public opinion Manipulation Case for more Kleptocracy of Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination. Google translator required)

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Serbia Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination France Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Italy Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

A notable Italian example of Kleptocracy is the Berlusconi Prime Ministry where he was found to have abused his position through Bribery, Defamation, and Soliciting minors. During his premiership, Berlusconi enacted what in Italy is called "Leggi ad Personam", so he basically created several laws that protected him and his friends from the constant attempt to issue an unbiased trial against him (in the end he pretty much succeded)

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination The United States Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Mexico Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

In Mexico, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) is an example of a kleptocratic political party. The PRI was founded by Plutarco Elías Calles in 1929 with the intention of creating a dominant-party state which lasted from 1929 to 2000. While the party has moved to the right from its original founding values (state atheist protectionist social authoritarianism to secular free-trade authoritarian capitalism), kleptocracy and support for the dominant-party system remained consistent. The PRI made a brief comeback from 2012 to 2018 under Enrique Pena Nieto, but he was not succeeded by another PRI leader, since the electoral system by that point was fairer.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Nicaragua Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Panama Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Manuel Noriega was the former president of Panama in the military era between 1983-1989 and ex-military. He became known for his relationship with the United States, his authoritarianism, militarism, corruption, and drug trafficking.

  • Corruption: In his government, there were numerous scandals of corruption and relations with drug trafficking, especially Cocaine, allying himself with criminal groups such as the Medellín Cartel and drug traffickers Pablo Escobar and Steven Kalish. There was money laundering from trafficking, protections from high drug revenues from trafficking in Miami, and the sale of Soviet weapons to Armscor in South Africa.
  • Authoritarianism: His authoritarianism is evident when compared to other dictators like Pinochet and Gaddafi, because of the repression and murder of opponents, such as the murder of the doctor and activist Hugo Spadafora. There were also frauds and the annulment of the 1989 election. He also tripled the military forces and used them against the communists, especially in the Panama Canal fearing invasion, as well as funding the Contras in Nicaragua. He was also accused of a sexist stance because his brother is homosexual.
  • Relationship with the United States: Initially, Noriega had good relations with the United States, especially due to his anti-communism, in which he gave financial assistance to his army and supported the Contras together. Over time, relations deteriorated, especially with regard to drug trafficking, in which a White House official blamed him for the international drug trafficking, in addition to having close relations with enemy countries such as Cuba and Libya, among others. others. In 1988, the US tried to negotiate Noriega's resignation, but it didn't work, causing the US to invade Panama in 1989, with 27,000 troops and 300 aircraft, making it one of the largest US military invasions since Vietnam. He managed to escape the US for a while but was captured soon after, being tried for drug trafficking, money laundering, and extortion, in which he was arrested in 1992, sentenced to 40 years, and later extradited to France, dying in 2017 in Panama.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Venezuela

Main Article: Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Chavismo

Bolibourgeoisie or Bolichicos are terms describing the oligarchy created by the Venezuelan government of Hugo Chávez. Corruption among the bolibourgeoisie and Chávez-administration sympathizers involves the theft of billions of dollars with the complicity of public officials, with some becoming rich under the guise of socialism. The Bolibourgeoisie kept growing stronger after the death of Hugo Chávez and holds significant power and influence on the administration of Nicolás Maduro.

Throughout his tenure, Hugo Chávez confiscated thousands of properties and businesses to reduce the influence of foreign companies over the country's economy. Venezuela's economy became increasingly state-controlled and was operated by military officers that had their business and government affairs connected.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Brazil Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationFile:Bolsonarism - alt.pngError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

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Main Article: Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Fujimorism

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Lebanon

The young Lebanese Republic was established in 1920 with French support as part of the Sykes-Picot agreement. The country was rocked by Syrian nationalism and sectarian tensions, in 1923, as part of the Newcombe-Paulet agreement, South Lebanon was transferred to the mandate of Palestine, despite demographic realities in the region. When Lebanon declared its independence in 1943, and achieved it for good in 1946, it was already plagued by corruption, the reasons for these are varied, between an exploitative and inefficient colonial administration forced by the French, a confessionalist ruling model that favoured nepotism and fostered sectarian tensions, and a tradition of political dynasties going back to the Ottoman era, Lebanon didn't manage, despite efforts of nationalists of all confessions, Muslims like Saeb Salam or Christians like Camille Chamoun, to shake off its endemic corruption. The legacy of the Ottoman and French rule still curses the country's transparency to this day, the Lebanese bureaucracy is bloated, and it is home to many archaic laws that destroy any attempt at reform. Since 2019 however, people have started massive country-wide protests in light of a fiscal crisis, which the government of Lebanon caused, and in which the bank accounts of the Lebanese people were robbed. The power of the ruling elite now stands in question, the old dynasties are shaken, and it is unclear if they will manage to hold power for another decade.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Iraq Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Main Article: Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Ba'athism and Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Shia Theocracy

Nouri al-Maliki returned to Iraq after the 2003 US invasion of Iraq and the fall of Saddam and became the deputy leader of the Supreme National Debaathification Commission of the Iraqi Interim Government to o purge former Baath Party officials from the military and government. In 2006 al-Maliki was appointed the first full-term post-war Prime Minister of Iraq by the US and the same year he signed the death warrant of Saddam Hussein. During his eight years in power from 2006 to 2014, allegations of corruption were widespread, with hundreds of billions of dollars allegedly vanishing from government coffers to enrich al-Maliki and his cronies. Iraq also continued to be one of the most dangerous places for journalists in the world and annually scores very low on Reporter Without Border's Press Freedom Index to this day.

Nouri al-Maliki's regime came under much scrutiny for alleged sectarianism with the creation of a Shia-dominated dictatorship and the expense of Kurds and Sunni citizens which has resulted in both Kurdish nationalism and Sunni insurgency, culminating in civil war and the rise of Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination ISIS.


Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Afghanistan Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

  • Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Hamid Karzai was the president of the transitional administration of Afghanistan from 2001 to 2004 and the official president until 2014. During his presidency, the growth of corruption began, there were attempts to create a big tent government and liberalization of the economy. Because of his policy, the discontent of the population grew, which turned into protests, which were harshly suppressed. Despite his democratic nature, he did not hesitate to fire and hire people for key positions.
  • Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Ashraf Ghani was the fifth and last president of Afghanistan. Under his administration, the policy of his predecessor - Karzai remained unchanged. Corruption took hold in the system, elections began to be falsified, and the influence of the USA began to gradually make Afghanistan the "51st state". Ghani was a modernist and supporter of Ammanullah Khan and Mohammed Daoud. He also wanted to transform Afghanistan from a "tribal society into a technocratic and developed state."

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination South Africa Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Thailand Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Thaksin Shinawatra: Thaksin was accused of "policy corruption", such as infrastructure and liberalisation policies that, while legal "...abuse the public's interest,..." Supannee Chai-amporn and Sirinthip Arun-rue of the National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA) claimed that policy corruption caused the state to spend 5 to 30 percent more than it otherwise should have spent, costing the state an additional 400 billion baht. Thaksin critics point to more examples of corruption: the Thailand Board of Investment's (BOI) granting tax breaks worth a total of 16.4 billion baht to Shin Satellite for its iPSTAR project in 2003, and the Transport Ministry's decision the same year to abolish the minimum air fare of 3.8 baht per kilometer when Shin Corporation was about to consummate a joint venture with low-cost carrier AirAsia. After the 2006 coup, the military junta-appointed Assets Examination Committee froze Thaksin's assets based on charges of policy corruption.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Phrayut Chan-o-cha: Although Prayut claimed the 2014 coup was needed to combat corruption, some members of his own cabinet and members of the appointed national legislature, including his brother Preecha Chan-o-cha and Minister to the Office of the Prime Minister M.L. Panadda Diskul, have themselves been beset by various corruption scandals. However, the Office of the Public Sector Anti-Corruption Commission concluded that Panadda was not involved in the alleged case. Prayut then prohibited any criticism of his government. In February 2015 he explained, "If people want to do opinion polls, they are free to do so. But if the polls oppose the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), that is not allowed."

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Vietnam Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationError creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

In 2016, when Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination the US-appointed Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Democrat politician Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Bob Kerrey who had commanded the U.S. Navy SEALS unit that carried out the Thạnh Phong massacre in 1969 during the Vietnam War, as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Fulbright University Vietnam, Đinh La Thăng was the only high-ranking CPV official who publicly supported the selection of Kerrey.

Đinh La Thăng was expelled from his position in the Politburo and arrested in 2017 for his mismanagement during his time as the Chairman of PetroVietnam from 2006 to 2011, which resulted in a loss of 800 billion VND (35.28 million USD) from its investment in Oceanbank. On 22 January 2018, he was sentenced to 13 years in prison.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination The Philippines Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

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Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Malaysia Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

  • Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Mahathir Mohamad: During Mahathir's era in the 1980s-2000s, several scandals from the BNM Forex Scandal, Perwaja Steel and Bank Bumiputra erupted. RM31.5 billion worth of losses had been incurred by Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) in its foreign exchange (forex) losses between 1992 and 1994. The Bank Bumiputra scandal was one of Malaysia’s biggest financial scandals before 1MDB. The bank lost 1 billion USD in public funds to an elaborate scheme of corruption, false accounting and sham profits. The main mastermind behind this web of deceit was a civil engineer by the name of George Tan, who had fled Singapore after his first bankruptcy in 1972, and ended up in Hong Kong.
  • Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Najib Razak: 1MDB scandal was a large corruption, bribery, and money laundering scandal which began in 2009 in Malaysia but became global in scope and was exposed in 2015. It was described as "one of the world's greatest financial scandals" and declared by the United States Department of Justice as the "largest kleptocracy case to date" in 2016. In 2015, Malaysia's then-Prime Minister Najib Razak was accused of channeling over RM 2.67 billion (approximately US$700 million) into his personal bank accounts from 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), a government-run strategic development company masterminded by Low Taek Jho. The court ruling declared that Najib was found guilty of using the said funds for corporate social responsibility (CSR), contrary to popular belief. Currently, he was appealing to the Federal Court as new evidence for the 1MDB case emerged, which involved the former minister Nor Mohamed Yakcop, former Governor of the Central Bank of Malaysia Zeti Akhtar Aziz, and her husband, Tawfiq Ayman[6]. However, his final appeal was rejected and was sentenced to 12 years jail and a fine of RM210 million (45283035 USD).
  • Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman: In July 2021, he was charged with criminal breach of trust and misappropriation of funds belonging to his former party, BERSATU. For the first charge, Syed Saddiq, the then-BERSATU's youth chief, was charged with criminal breach of trust for withdrawing RM1.12 million via a cheque without BERSATU's supreme council's approval. He was charged with another accusation of misappropriating RM120,000 in BERSATU donation money intended for the 2018 general election. In August 2021, Syed Saddiq had been charged again with two corruption charges of money laundering. According to the charge sheet, the accused transferred RM50,000 from his bank account to his Amanah Saham Bumiputera account on 16 June 2018 and another RM50,000 on 19 June 2018. Saddiq pleaded not guilty to the charges and currently, the case is yet to determine whether he was guilty or otherwise.
  • Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Lim Guan Eng:
  • Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Khir Toyo:

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Personality

Kleptocracy is immensely shady and will do almost anything to get as much money and power as possible. Unlike the Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination libertarian right ideologies, he openly advocates for an Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination authoritarian state to preserve his power with minor concessions to the people to keep them satisfied, whether this be appeals to social conservatism or liberal welfare with a lot of red tape. In essence, he is portrayed as offering protection solely if there are huge clauses attached, not unlike a gangster offering protection, hence him being portrayed as a prisoner.

How to Draw

Flag of Kleptocracy

Kleptocracy's design is based on the stereotypical striped prisoner outfit. It is also Brickster's flag flipped 90 degrees.

  1. Draw a ball and fill it with white
  2. On the ball draw a hat
  3. On the ball draw a number of vertical alternating black bars
  4. On the hat draw a number of horizontal alternating black bars
  5. Add the eyes and you're done!
Color Name HEX RGB
Black #141414 20, 20, 20
White #FFFFFF 255, 255, 255

Relationships

Friends

Frenemies

Enemies

Further Information

Literature

Wikipedia

Political Parties

Historical

Media

Articles

Videos

Gallery

Alternative designs

  • Putinism

    Putinism

  • United Russia, By Kleptocracy
    United Russia, By


  • Mobutism

    Mobutism

  • Kingism

    Kingism

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Cuba in its presidency had several gay nightclubs, gay bars, prostitution and drug trafficking incentives. If you committed to them, you were persecuted.
  2. ↑ He adopted an aggressive stance to protect his homosexual brother.
  3. ↑ When it comes to politics in Post-Soviet countries, the term "Liberalism" is often used in reference to economic freedom within a welfare state.
  4. ↑ Even ignoring "Operation Car Wash", his presidency was largely plagued with corruption scandals.

Citations

  1. ↑ [1], Detector.media.
  2. ↑ [2] (image link), CDN.Segodnya.ua.
  3. ↑ "Long live Nazism!" (in Russian), Obozrevatel.com. 17 July 2010.
  4. ↑ "Irresponsible Officials Still Get the Biggest Number of Lightest Penalties", CINS.rs.
  5. ↑ Yasser Arafat#Financial_dealings, Wikipedia.org.
  6. ↑ "MACC probes leaked investigation paper into RM2-6b Donation", FreeMalasiaToday. 31 January 2022.

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